Progressive Solutions: Populist Party & Progressive Movement

1. The Progressive Era Day 3: Wednesday, 4/12

2. The underlying problems of America developed during the Gilded Age Era... * Unregulated Big Business * Corrupt Government * Rapid Industrialization & Urbanization …and the solutions to end these problems later developed during the Progressive Era

3. The Populist Party: 1891-1896 • In 1891, a new political party gained support with the ‘common man’, it was the Populist Party. • The farmers, workers, and miners battled against the rich, bankers and railroad owners. • Populists believed that the rich had a stranglehold on government and they wanted the government to end poverty, injustice, and unfair laws.

4. The Goals of the Populist Party • Unlimited Coinage of Silver – instead of gold coins, make more silver coins, it would help raise farm prices and make loan repayments easier. • Term Limits for President – only a single 4 years term. • Direct Election of Senators – elected by the people of a state not the state legislature. Gave more participation in government. • Secret Ballot – to stop intimidation of voters. • Government Ownership of Utilities – like railroads, telegraph, and telephone companies. (kinda Socialist sounding) • Immigration Restrictions – have quotas (limits) on how many people could come from each country. • Graduated Income Tax – taxes wealthy at a higher rate. • Shorter Work Day – just 8 hours.

5. Populists and Election Campaigns • 1892 Election – Populists were successful in electing Senators and their Presidential candidate did well in the election (but he didn’t win). • 1896 Election – Populists supported William Jennings Bryan for President due to his “Cross of Gold” speech in which he supported the unlimited coinage of silver, instead of gold • 1900 Election – Populists again supported Bryan, but he again lost to William McKinley.

6. The Legacy of Populism • The Populist party would soon fade away, but it was somewhat successful in its efforts, even though a Populist president was never elected. • The Populist Party did leave its mark on American history with the idea of Third parties. • Third parties provide an outlet for minorities to voice their grievances or to voice new ideas that the main stream (Democrat & Republican) don’t usually support. • Many Populist ideas were later adopted by the larger political parties, like a graduated income tax or direct election of senators.

7. Why did the Populist Party want free coinage of silver? F To increase the amount of money in circulation G To reduce economic inflation H To raise campaign contribution limits J To decrease the bargaining power of labor unions • Populist Party represented mostly… • Significance of Populist Party? Some of this 3rd party’s platform become law during the Progressive Era • Western Farmers

8. The Progressive Movement1890 - 1920 • The Progressive Movement was at its greatest influence from Teddy Roosevelt’s Presidency to the beginning of the Roaring 20s) • Progressives borrowed ideas from the Populists but they were different in many ways. • Progressives: • Mainly middle-class instead of farmers/factory workers. • Writers, lawyers, ministers, college professors • Even Presidents became the Progressive leaders.

9. The Social Gospel Movement • The Social Gospel Movement started when Protestant ministers began calling for social reforms. • Abolish child labor • Safer working conditions • Emphasized the duty to help those less fortunate. • Strongly supported banning alcoholic beverages.

10. The Muckrakers • Investigative reporters that exposed industrial and governmental corruption through their writings. • These writers became known as Muckrakers, they raked up all the muck or the dirt of American life in both business and government. • Often considered to be the first Progressives

11. Muckrakers & their Influences • Upton Sinclair • Exposed dangerous working conditions & unsanitary practices in meat packing industry in his book, The Jungle. • In response, the government passed the: • “Meat Inspection Act” law that set standards of cleanliness and required federal inspection of meat plants. • “Pure Food & Drug Act” law that required foods to be pure and accurately labeled.

12. Muckrakers & their Influences Jacob Riis He exposed the poverty, living conditions, and disease of the urban poor in his book. • Problem: the horrible living conditions of the poor in the cities. • Solution: Led to New York City passing building codes to promote safety and health. “How the Other Half Lives”

14. Thomas Nast Political Cartoonist who exposed the corruption of NYC’s Tammany Hall led by Boss Tweed. Muckrakers and Their Influences • Problem: governments had become corrupt with political machines. • Solution: Boss Tweed and other corrupt government officials went to jail for corruption. Boss Tweed ran NYC’s most powerful political machine

15. Ida Tarbell Exposed Standard Oil’s ruthless business tactics of forcing others out of business and thereby creating a monopoly. Muckrakers and Their Influences • Problem: trusts and monopolies had an unfair advantage among businesses. • Solution: Government passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawing monopolies.

16. Muckrakers and Their Influences Lincoln Steffens Writer who exposed corruption in city and state governments in his book, “The Shame of the Cities”. • Problem: city and state leaders were often corrupt, took bribes or broke the law.

17. Muckrakers and Their Influences Frank Norris Pointed out the stranglehold the railroads had on California farmers in his book “The Octopus” . • Problem: railroads were charging farmers more than their crops were often worth to ship them to market.

18. Social Reformer: Jane Addams • Founded a settlement house called Hull House to help immigrants and needy find a place to live, jobs, or get an education. • Beginning of social services like Youth Shelter, Food Bank, or Roxanne’s House

19. Social Reformers: W.E.B. DuBois • Help found the NAACPto help African Americans gain civil rights. • W.E.B. felt African Americans should achieve immediate racial equality and supported open protests. • He often disagreed with another Civil Rights pioneer Booker T.

20. Social Reformers: Booker T. Washington • Booker agreed with W.E.B. that African Americans should seek their civil rights, but he disagreed on how they should achieve those rights. • He argued that African Americans should gain equality by focusing on job training, not by demanding. • Created Vocational Schools

21. Social Reformers: Ida B. Wells • Lynching (murder by hanging) was a common tactic used to intimidate African Americans, especially in the South. • After 3 of her friends were wrongfully lynched for crimes they didn’t commit, she started a national anti-lynching campaign.

22. Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addams’s Settlement House movement in Chicago? To assimilate = to absorb into the mainstream culture F The founding of women’s colleges G The introduction of prison reform H The assimilation of immigrants J The establishment of public libraries • The Hull House Settlement house: institution usually located in an urban, immigrant neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, English classes, child care, libraries

23. How did the person named in this 1909 handbill work to improve the lives of African Americans? F By organizing voter- registration drives for African Americans G By supporting the formation of labor unions by African American workers H By promoting vocational training for African Americans J By organizing boycotts of businesses that refused service to African Americans Vocational training: emphasizes skills & knowledge required for a particular job function (such as typing or data entry) or a trade (such as carpentry or welding).

24. How did the publication of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business? Regulation = Gov’t imposed rule or law Upton Sinclair = muckraker Muckraker = a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society F Federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions. G Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented. H Congress created a regulatory agency to audit railroads. J Laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906

25. How did W. E. B. DuBois combat prejudice like that described in the excerpt? Thanks to 15th Amendment After winning the right to participate in the American experiment of self-government, African Americans were systematically and ruthlessly excluded from it: From 1901 to 1929, there were no blacks in the federal legislature. “Black Americans in Congress: An Introduction,” Historical Essays on Black Americans in Congress, www.baic.house.gov (accessed March 29, 2011) F He demanded the passage of women’s suffrage G He established an early civil rights group H He advocated making political compromises with segregationists J He sought court orders to protect the rights of voters NAACP NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Fought for voting rights and legal rights in this era. • Still active today to fight against discrimination

26. A student learning about U.S. history is instructed to write a paper about W. E. B. Du Bois and race relations in the United States. Which of the following facts would be most relevant to the student’s assignment? A The Selma-to-Montgomery protest marches helped secure voting rights for minority citizens. B The NAACP was organized to help secure full legal equality or minority citizens. C The Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed many forms of discrimination in the housing market. D The March on Washington helped rally nationwide support for the Civil Rights movement. 1965 1968 NAACP fights discrimination and segregation through the legal system in the court room (they sue) 1963

27. Public response to revelations such as the one in this excerpt led to the establishment of regulations that were eventually enforced by the - F Food and Drug Administration G Centers for Disease Control H Department of Commerce J Institution of Education Sciences And shortly afterward … a physician, made the discovery that the carcasses of steers which had been condemned as tubercular by the government inspectors … were left upon an open platform and carted away to be sold in the city …. Upton Sinclair The Jungle 1906 Protects & promotes public health by supervising food and drug safety etc. protects public health & safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability Goal to create the conditions for economic growth and opportunity Meat Inspection Act FDA Conducts statistics, research, and evaluation of education policies

28. To give people more power, a direct voicein the government, and make it more responsiveto the people. PoliticalReforms • Secret Ballot – to keep people from being intimidated or forced to vote a certain way. • Initiative – voters could introduce bills themselves. • Referendum – voters could force legislators to place a bill on the ballot to be voted on. • Recall – elected officials could be removed from office by voters in a special election. • Direct Election of Senators – 17th Amendment Senators are elected by the people of a state.

29. The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in - Initiative: If 5-15% of voters sign a petition proposing a law, that law must appear on the ballot to be approved or rejected by voters Recall: voters have power to vote an elected official out of office before end of term Referendum: If 5-15% of voters sign a petition requesting it, a recently passed law must be placed on the ballot so that • voters can either • approve or veto it A a system of separate schools for new immigrants B the expansion of citizens’ direct participation in the democratic process C a redistribution of the tax burden among citizens D more sources of revenue for state governments At the State and Local Level

30. During the Progressive Era, one goal of state-level political reformers was to - A prevent party leaders from amending campaign platforms B increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation C promote the principle of direct democracy D limit the use of judicial review by circuit courts Direct Democracy = form of government in which all laws are created by a general vote of society ** The US is NOT a Direct Democracy. It is a Constitutional Republic where officials are elected to represent the people (& they make the laws etc..) , and govern according to constitutional law that limits the gov’ts power. However, some direct democracy has been introduced at the state and local level through the process of initiatives, referendums, and recalls.

31. Civil Service Reform • Much of the corruption in government was traced to the ‘Spoils System’. • This gave government jobs as rewards to those who helped get a candidate elected. • They were often not qualified for the job. • Pendleton Act(1883) passed by Congress created the Civil Service Commission. • This commission gave exams that selected government appointees based on merit, not on who they knew. • Helped rid the government of corruption

32. Which issue is this cartoon addressing? • Political Corruption = The use of public office for private gain F Political corruption G Temperance H Civil-service reform J Segregation Ban alcohol Make sure gov’t employees are qualified • Separation of races

33. The Progressive Presidents Between 1901 and 1919, three Presidents began a series of Progressive reforms. Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

34. Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909 • Accomplishments: • Former VP, became President with the assassination of Pres. William McKinley. • Economic Agenda: Square Deal • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Increased powers of the I.C.C. to regulate railroads, telephones, and the telegraph

35. Theodore Roosevelt1901 – 1909 • Accomplishments: • Trust Busting – went after John Rockefeller & Standard Oil • Believed in Conservation and Preservation, created National Parks and worked to protect natural resources • Coal Miners Strike (1902) - Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to used the military to keep the mines running for the good of the nation. Problem solved!

36. Which agency name belongs on the blank line? A US Geological Survey B National Park Service C Bureau of Reclamation D US Border Control There is hereby created [an agency] …, which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. Mission statement for the __________, 1916 The National Park system was created under the Teddy Roosevelt administration. TR was committed to conserving our natural resources and natural landscapes for the use and enjoyment of future generations.

37. William Howard Taft1909 - 1912 T A F T • Teddy to Taft: • Former VP, became President with the support of former President T. Roosevelt. • Taft won the election of 1908 and continued with Roosevelt’s Progressive policies, for a while. • Taft began stepping away from his Progressive promises upsetting Roosevelt who decided to run against him under a 3rd party.

38. Election of 1912 • Taft ran again in 1912, but Teddy decided to run against him. • Roosevelt started his own third party called the Bull Moose Party. • Teddy’s 3rd Party split the Republican votes and neither Taft nor or Roosevelt would win in 1912. • Democrat, Woodrow Wilson would become the third and final Progressive President

39. Woodrow Wilson1912 - 1916 • Underwood Tariff – • Wilson felt tariffs benefitted the rich and he lowered the tariffs. • To make up for lost revenue ($) he introduced America’s first income tax. • Graduated Income Tax – • Means that rich taxpayers are taxed at a higher rate • 16th Amendmentgave Congress power to tax a persons income.

40. Woodrow Wilson’s1912 - 1916 • Federal Reserve Act – • Reformed the banking industry. • Federal Reserve Bank serves as a bankers bank, where the banks borrow their money. • Fed’s control interest rates and the amount of money a bank can loan. • Antitrust Legislation – • Clayton Antitrust Act gave government more power to regulate unfair business practices. • Federal Trade Commission protects consumers against unfair business practices by corporations.

41. Progressive Era and Labor • In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factorycaught fire and the public’s attention. • Immigrant women and girls were trapped. • Fire spread rapidly and to make matters worse: • the doors were bolted shut, the sprinkler system failed & fire escape was faulty. • Soon after the tragedy, Congress passed laws sympathetic to the union, calling for safer conditions.

42. Effects of Triangle Fire • Department of Labor(1913) – Congress created a Cabinet post to study the problems of labor & to - “promote the welfare of working people and improve their working conditions”. • Clayton Anti-trust Act(1914) – prevented courts from restricting activities of unions. • Child Labor Act(1916) – Prohibited sale of goods made by child labor.

43. The issue addressed by this poster is primarily associated with the - F Progressive Era H Gilded Age G Roaring Twenties J Cold War Progressive Era = laws/regulations against child labor

44. Women’s Suffrage Movement • Women lacked the right to vote and began to fight for political influence. • Seneca Falls Convention • Reformers: Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Women’s Christian Temperance League • Focused on prohibition (banning of alcohol) and successfully influenced the government in the matter • Led to the passing of the 18th Amendment, Prohibition • 19th Amendment (1920) • Women gain suffrage (the right to vote) • As a result of World War I and women’s involvement the U.S. Congress passed 19th Amendment.

45. What was one way the constitutional amendment excerpted above helped advance the causeof gender equality? F It gave women a greater opportunity to influence government. G It gave women new economic rights, such as property ownership. H It established the idea that women should contribute to all sectors of the economy. J It contributed to a long-term decline in the number of men voting in elections. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. . . . — 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Economic rights relate to pay, job opportunities etc. = Political rights and power

46. The goal of this resolution was eventually achieved with the - F signing of the Civil Rights Act G passage of prohibition laws H ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment J creation of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps • Resolved, that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. • Resolution from Seneca Falls Convention, July 1848 19th Amendment = women’s suffrage Seneca Falls = 1st Women’s rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

47. Match these Progressive Amendments 16th Amendment 18th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment * _____ Direct Election of Senators * _____ Ban on the selling, manufacturing, transporting of alcohol * _____ Women’s suffrage * _____ Income Tax B C D A

48. The opponents of . . . recall, however they may phrase their opposition, in reality believe the people can not be trusted. On the other hand, those of us who espouse these measures do so because of our deep-rooted belief in popular government, and not only in the right of the people to govern, but in their ability to govern; and this leads us logically to the belief that if the people have the right, the ability, and the intelligence to elect, they have as well the right, ability, and intelligence to reject or to recall. . . . — California governor Hiram Johnson, inaugural address, 1911 The reform discussed by Governor Johnson in this excerpt — A required elected officials to communicate regularly with the public B provided citizens with more resources to run for office C made elected officials more directly accountable to their constituents D created new eligibility requirements for candidates for public office Recall: voters have power to vote an elected official out of office before end of term Constituent: any one of the people who live and vote in an area

49. Many Progressives opposed social Darwinism because it promoted the idea that - F people in lower classes were not capable of economic success G immigration weakened national unity H the government should take responsibility for the well-being of people J poverty could be eradicated through increased economic regulation Progressives are against Social Darwinism Progressives believe this Progressives believe this too Social Darwinism: theory that humans progress through competition; the smartest, most talented, hardest working succeed and become natural upper class. Those who fail make up the poverty class. Gov’t can’t fix this poverty – so shouldn’t try.