Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 Becoming Canada How did the war of 1812 and its political consequences affect the developing Canadian identity?

2. Divided Society Legislative Assembly: A government group elected by voters in British North America or in a province of Canada. Château Clique/Family Compact: The Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Lower Canada who were also Executive or Legislative Council members. Reformers: A group of radicals in Upper Canada who wanted governmental reform leading up to the rebellions in 1837.

3. Government in the Colonies • The Constitutional Act of 1791 gave the British colonies a new form of government.

4. Government in the Colonies Governor Legislative Assembly Executive Council Legislative Council Voters • The Governor is appointed by Britain • The Executive and Legislative Council are appointed by the Governor • They were Anglophones. • The Legislative Assembly is elected by the voters. • Voters were people who owned property, almost all were men.

5. Government in the Colonies Who do you think held the most power? Why? Governor Legislative Assembly Executive Council Legislative Council Voters • The Governor is appointed by Britain • The Executive and Legislative Council are appointed by the Governor • They were Anglophones. • The Legislative Assembly is elected by the voters. • Voters were people who owned property, almost all were men.

6. Government in the Colonies • The governor and the two council members (an Anglophone friend or relative appointed by the governor) held all the real power. • They were known as the “Château Clique” in Lower Canada and the “Family Compact” in Upper Canada. Is this a fair way to govern a colony? What problems can you see arising?

7. Government in the Colonies • They passed laws that favoured their own interests. • Why was a governor appointed by Britain controlling affairs in Canada?

8. Government in the Colonies • The colonists who thought this was unfair called themselves Reformers. • They demanded change but year after year, change was denied. • As tensions grew, it boiled over into an armed rebellion.

9. Perspectives on the Situation in Lower Canada Textbook pg 141 Ch 6 Booklet pg 9 • The Habitants • The Merchants • The Canadian Perspective • The Chateau Clique • The Patriotes Write the different perspective IN YOUR OWN WORDS

10. Rebellion in Lower Canada • Louis-Joseph Papineau led a group of radicals called the Patriotes. • In 1834, they presented the Ninety-Two Resolutions to the Assembly calling for governmental reforms. • In 1837, the British government rejected all of the demands.

11. Rebellion in Lower Canada • He travelled throughout the colony urging the Canadiens to fight. • In November 1837 fighting began at Saint-Denis. The Patriotes were victorious! • British forces overwhelmed the rebels at Saint-Charles, then destroyed the rebel force at Saint-Eustache.

12. Rebellion in Lower Canada What do you think Papineau did next? • Recruited more people to join the rebellion. • Went back to trying to fight with words rather than actions. • Gave up and returned to his normal life in Canada. • Ran away to the US.

13. Rebellion in Lower Canada • He fled to the United States and the Patriote uprising was crushed. • While the rebellion was growing in Lower Canada, unrest was brewing in Upper Canada as well.

14. Perspectives on the Situation in Lower Canada Textbook pg 142 Ch 6 Booklet pg 10 • The Farmers • The Loyalists • The Merchants • The Reformers Write the different perspective IN YOUR OWN WORDS

15. Rebellion in Upper Canada • William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scottish immigrant, led the Reformers. • In 1834, he and a group of Reformers issued the Seventh Report on Grievances listing their demands. • On 5 December 1837, Mackenzie led about 700 rebels on a march toward Toronto.

16. Rebellion in Upper Canada • A few rebels had rifles, but most carried only pikes and pitchforks.

17. Rebellion in Upper Canada What do you think happened? • The Reformers were victorious. • The Government was victorious. • The Government ignored them. • The rebels ran away.

18. Rebellion in Upper Canada What do you think happened? • The Reformers were victorious! • The Government was victorious! • The Government ignored them. • The rebels ran away. • At the first clash with the governments supporters, the rebels turned and fled. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oippSfwnGh8

19. The Impact of the Rebellions • The rebellions of 1837 in Lower and Upper Canada may seem minor events but they had a lasting impact on Canadian history. • Although only a few hundred people took part, in both colonies it was clear that many people agreed with the goals of the reformers. • Britain had to face the fact that reform was necessary.

20. QUESTIONS Divided Society (pg 139-142) 9) Who was Louis-Joseph Papineau? What role did he play in the rebellions of 1837? (3 pts) 10) Who was William Lyon Mackenzie? What role did he play in the rebellions of 1837? (3pts)

21. The Road to Responsible Government Responsible Government: In Canada, a government (cabinet) that must answer to elected representatives.

22. Lord Durham’s Report • The Reformers in all of Britain’s North American colonies shared one common complaint. • What do you think it was?

23. Lord Durham’s Report • The Reformers in all of Britain’s North American colonies shared one common complaint. • What do you think it was? The governor and councils did not have to follow the will of the people.

24. Lord Durham’s Report • The British decided to find out more about the causes of the rebellions. • In 1838, they sent Lord Durham to Canada to find some answers. He was a wealthy British noble and politician. • He spent 5 months in Canada and came up with two major recommendations.

25. Lord Durham’s Report • What do you think he recommended?

26. Lord Durham’s Report • What do you think he recommended? • Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony. • Grant colonies responsible government.

27. The Union of the Canadas • Durham blamed the troubles in Lower Canada on one thing: the conflict between the Canadiens and the English colonists. • He was prejudiced in his report, referring to the Canadiens as “a people with no history and no literature.” Is this true?

28. The Union of the Canadas • Durham blamed the troubles in Lower Canada on one thing: the conflict between the Canadiens and the English colonists. • He was prejudiced in his report, referring to the Canadiens as “a people with no history and no literature.” Is this true? • Canadiens have a distinct national identity tied to their language and heritage. • They have made many contributions to Canada as a country.

29. The Union of the Canadas • Durham wanted to get rid of the French language in Québec by uniting the two colonies. • The Plan: • A British colony would absorb the Canadiens. • In 1841, the Act of Union created a single colony with two provinces: • Upper Canada= Canada West • Lower Canada = Canada East • English became the only official language of the government. How do you think the Canadiens felt about this?

30. Achieving Responsible Government • Responsible Government: • Elected representatives in the Assembly would express the wishes of its citizens. • The governor would follow the wishes of the Assembly. • At first, British rulers opposed the idea. • In 1848, the Reformers won a huge election victory. The people wanted change.

31. Achieving Responsible Government • The governor, Lord Elgin chose two Reformers to lead a new government. Lord Elgin Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine Robert Baldwin

32. Achieving Responsible Government • Elgin agreed to accept their advice. • In 1849 he did just that and passed the Rebellion Losses Bill even though he didn’t like it. • Responsible Government was a reality! http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10141

33. QUESTIONS The Road to Responsible Government (pg 143-144) 11. a. What were Lord Durham’s major recommendations? (2 pts) b. What would these recommendations mean for Canada as a whole? (2 pts) 12 a. What actions did Britain take to resolve the issues in British North America according to Durham? (2 pts) b. What was wrong with these actions? (1 pts) 13. a. What is Responsible Government? (2 pts) b. Who made it a reality? (3 pts) c. What event made Responsible Government a reality? (1 pt)

34. TEST REVIEW Answer in paragraph form. In Chapter 6 we have discussed the importance of population growth in British North America. Explain who these groups of people were and why they immigrated to the colonies. What impact did this population growth have on British North America? (5 pts)

35. TEST FORMAT Definitions /10 Multiple Choice /15 Short Answer – 3 questions /2 each Long Answer /5