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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Fungi Chapter 26 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Fungi Section 2 Classification of Fungi Section 3 Fungi and Humans

4. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives • Listthe characteristics of fungi. • Describehow fungi obtain nutrients. • Distinguishbetween hyphae and a mycelium. • Comparethe ways fungi reproduce. • Describeone hypothesis about the origin of fungi.

5. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics • Fungi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular in form.

6. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, continued Obtaining Nutrients • Fungi are among the most important decomposers of organic matter. • Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes and absorbing simple organic molecules from their environment.

7. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, continued Structure of Fungi • Fungi are made up of short filaments called hyphae. • Mats of hyphae are called mycelium. • Some species have partitions called septa in their hyphae, making individual cells. • Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls.

8. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics of Fungi

9. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Hyphae in Fungi

10. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Body Structure of Fungi

11. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.

12. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Asexual Reproduction • Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells of the hyphae. • When these spores are placed in favorable environmental conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae, each of which can form a mycelium and produce thousands of new asexual spores.

13. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Sexual Reproduction • Fungi occur in mating types that are sometimes called minus and plus. • When two different mating types of the same species encounter one another, the hyphae of one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type. • These fused hyphae give rise to a specialized structure, which produces and scatters genetically diverse spores.

14. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction

15. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Evolution • Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago. • Fungi probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes and then adapted to various terrestrial environments.

16. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives • Listcharacteristics that distinguish three phyla of fungi. • Comparethe life cycles of zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes. • Distinguishbetween mycorrhizae and lichens. • Explainthe importance of mycorrhizae and lichens to the environment.

17. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Types of Fungi

18. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Zygomycota • The phylum Zygomycota is coenocytic (their hyphae lack septa). • Asexual sporangiospores form within sacs called sporangia. • Sexual reproduction results in zygospores.

19. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Zygomycetes

20. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes

21. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes

22. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Basidiomycota • The phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms. • Mushrooms are spore-bearing, aboveground sexual reproductive structures called basidiocarps. • Basidiocarps produce small, clublike reproductive structures called basidia, on which basidiospores form.

23. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Structure of a Mushroom

24. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Parts of a Mushroom

25. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes

26. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes

27. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota • Most fungi are in the phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungi. • Hyphae form a cup-shaped ascocarp, in which ascospores form. • Yeast are unicellular Ascomycota and they reproduce asexually by budding. • Yeast are used in brewing, baking, and genetic engineering.

28. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

29. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Penicilliium Mold

30. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes

31. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes

32. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota, continued Deuteromycota • Fungi that do not have a sexual stage are classified in a group calledfungi imperfecti,or deuteromycota.

33. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens • Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures that form between plant roots and a fungus. • The fungus provides certain ions and other nutrients to the plant and, in turn, the fungus gets sugars from the plant.

34. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens, continued • Lichensrepresent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae.

35. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Objectives • Describethree ways that fungi cause disease in humans. • Listthree ways that fungi contribute to good health. • Provideexamples of fungi’s industrial importance. • Listthree types of food that fungi provide.

36. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases • Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans inhale airborne spores, when they eat food contaminated by toxic fungi, when toxic fungi come in contact with skin, or when they accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms.

37. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Common Fungal Infections • Examples of common fungal infections include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infection.

38. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases, continued Other Fungal Illnesses • Pathogenic fungi that cause serious disease include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis. • H. capsulatum is associated with bird feces.

39. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry • Various fungi are used in the production of vitamin B2, cortisone, penicillin and other antibiotics, and some genetically engineered drugs.

40. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry, continued Fungi and Food Industries • Fungi are used in the production of familiar foods such as cheeses, bread, beer, wines, and soy products.

41. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called? A. parasites B. mutualists C. symbionts D. saprophytes

42. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are fungi that feed on decaying organic matter called? A. parasites B. mutualists C. symbionts D. saprophytes

43. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism? F. an alga G. a plant H. a mold J. a rhizoid

44. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Lichens represent a symbiotic association between a fungus and which other type of organism? F. an alga G. a plant H. a mold J. a rhizoid

45. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following? A. a virus B. a plant C. a bacterium D. a slime mold

46. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. In a mycorrhiza, a fungus lives in a symbiotic relationship with which of the following? A. a virus B. a plant C. a bacterium D. a slime mold

47. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows the fruiting bodies of a type of fungus. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

48. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the structure labeled X called? F. a hypha G. a zygote H. a sporangium J. a sporangiospore

49. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the structure labeled X called? F. a hypha G. a zygote H. a sporangium J. a sporangiospore

50. Chapter 26 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. To what phylum does the fungus in the diagram above belong? A. Ascomycota B. Zygomycota C. Basidiomycota D. fungi imperfecti