Electronic Waste – Scenarios, Opportunities and a Road Map

1. Electronic Waste – Scenarios, Opportunities and a Road Map Ashish Chaturvedi Senior Fellow, Adelphi (Germany)

2. Evolution of E-waste management in India • 2016 • Revisions E-waste Law • More than 140 recyclers and dismantlers in India 2008 • Guidelines for Electronic Waste Management • 2 formal recyclers in India 2012 • Electronic waste law comes into effect • Nearly 100 dismantlers and recyclers in India 2002 • E-waste first emerged as an environmental issue • Installed Capacity – 350,000 tpa • Average capacity – 600-7000 tpa • E-waste Generated – 800,000-1.6 million tpa • 12 states have at least one dismantler/ recycler • The rest have no dismantler/ recycler 

3. Challenges Environmental • Uncontrolled material flows • Inefficient practices of recycling Social • Lifestyles of waste • Levels of awareness are low especially in small and medium towns Economic • Segmented markets for recycling – informal and formal • Business case of recycling and EPR are still not established E-waste Law 2012 has not been an outright success

4. Opportunities Environmental • Resources embedded in e-waste • Pollution prevention • Reduction in primary mining Social • Lifestyles of health and sustainability • Mainstreaming of marginalized populations Economic • Green Jobs • Competitiveness of Industry • Access to state of the art technologies • Improvements in resource productivity E-waste Management can contribute to all three pillars of sustainable development

5. Global Perspectives

6. Europe • European Union has a renewed focus on raw materials • Circular Economy package launched in 2012 – currently being reviewed • Member states have developed their domestic strategies • Germany – Raw Material Strategy (ProGress) • UK – Making Waste work at home • Focus on closing material loops as a part of Industrial Policy • Innovation as an enabler of maintaining economic competitiveness

7. Umicore‘s integrated metals smelter at Hoboken/Antwerp • Innovative technology, focus on secondary PM materials • Recovering 17 metals: Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, Cu, Pb, Ni, Sn, Bi, Se, Te, Sb, As, Inrecovered metal value (2008): PM: 2600 M$, others 400 M$ • 350,000 t/a of complex PM bearing feed materials • PM-output > 45 t/a≈ 10% of world mine production • Global customer base • Minimizing waste (< 5%) • High environmental standards • > 1 billion € investment State of the Art Facility in Europe Source: Steven Art, Umicore - Presentation at International Roundtable on E-waste in Delhi, 2007 Au/Ag yield > 95%

8. China Brazil • Adopted a Solid Waste National Policy in 2014 • Shared responsibility model with partnerships of OEMs, Local government and retailers • The social dimension of waste management has been high on policy makers agenda • Innovative models involving the informal sector • Adopted a Circular Economy Law in 2008 • Set up a high level Circular Economy Institute under the mandate of the NDRC in 2013 • Integral part of the global value chain • Infrastructure driven development – however, severely constrained due to the presence of the informal sector

9. China - Tianjin Ziya Circular Economy Industrial Area recycling complex • 120 companies • Recycling Capacity ≈ 1m - 1.5m tons of waste • Waste includes electronics, vehicles, rubber and plastic • Can supply • 400,000 tons of copper p.a. • 150,000 tons of aluminum, among other materials • “Engineering island", which brings together energy savings and environmental protection by integrating sewage collection treatment, water reuse and rain collection. It is now reusing 100% of its water, without harming the desert environment. 2006 Aerial view of the Tianjin Ziya Circular Economy Industrial Area recycling complex

10. Brazil – Approach for Engaging with Stakeholders in Value Chain Recycling http://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/2013/03/brazil-e-waste-recycling-regulations-pnrs-explained.html

11. India

12. Strategic Approach Develop state-civic-business alliances E-waste needs cooperation across board; alliances will drive implementation of policies Deepening Engagement of SPCBs with OEMs and Formal Recyclers Next generation “policy” processes where the environmental regulator is the facilitator. Debate and engage with informality Strengthening links between SPCBs and ULBs Hub and Spoke Model for Infrastructure Biggest challenge in emerging/ developing countries – India’s leadership will prove game changing Regional refineries, state-wide material recovery facilities, city-wide collection infrastructure Infrastructure for waste management would benefit from synergies – cooperation between ULBs and SPCBs is critical Capacity Building of Regulators Significant investments made already, training modules available

13. Road Map for the Future • Acquisition of BAT through bilateral cooperation and technology transfer • Increased funds for R&D • Technology appraisal mechanisms Appropriate Infrastructure 03 Capacity building 04 • Awareness building • Targeted programmes for SPCBs, Schools and other key stakeholders 02 Knowledge-base Cross Ministry Collaboration 05 • Inventories at national and state level • Database of appropriate technologies • Business models 01 • Digital India Initiative • Make in India initiative • Skill India Initiative Strategy • Raw Material and Secondary Resource Strategy for India • A technical advisory group that informs policy processes cutting across different secondary resources

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