Morphology and Syntax

1. Morphology and Syntax Complex Words

2. Simplex words and complex words to walk, to dance, to laugh, to kiss to purify, to enlarge, to industrialize, to head-hunt house, corner, zebra collection, builder, sea horse green, old, sick regional, washable, honey-sweet

3. Morphemes A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that adds its own distinct bit of meaning to the word. kill-er, work-er, print-er wash-able, laugh-able re-paint-ing

4. Cranberry morphemes blueberry blackberry gooseberry (goose?) cranberry (cran???)

5. Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes can stand on their own. Bound morphemes, or affixes, cannot: Q: Is that green? A: *No, at best it’s –ish. Q: Is she any good at football? A: *Yes, she’s a great –er. Q: Does he play the piano often? A: *Yes, he –s it all the time.

6. Suffixes and prefixes Suffixes green-ish build-er wash-able solid-ify industry-al-ize Prefixes en-large re-en-act de-throne ex-minister

7. Circumfixes and infixes Circumfixes: leef ge-leef-d huur ge-huur-d play played live lived Infixes: base: labas verb: l-um-abas ‘come out’ base: pasok verb: p-um-asok ‘enter’ base: bili verb: b-um-ili ‘buy’

8. Compounding Combining two free morphemes: sea + horse  sea horse head + strong  headstrong hand + made  handmade

9. Productivity Some types of compounding are more productive than others. N-N compounding is completely productive in English: word + kitchen  word kitchen (e.g. a kitchen for morphologists) tree + laptop  tree laptop (e.g. a laptop with a picture of a tree) gorilla + window  gorilla window (e.g. a window through which you can see a gorilla) window + gorilla  window gorilla (e.g. a gorilla that always sits behind a window)

10. Derivation Making a completely new word with an affix: buildverb build-ernoun largeadjective en-largeverb industrynoun industry-aladjective industry-aladjective industry-al-izeverb

11. Inflection Providing grammatical information about a word with an affix: workverb-s (expresses that the verb has a third person singular subject) workverb-ed (expresses that the event expressed by the verb took place in the past) housenoun-s (expresses that we are dealing with more than one house)

12. Inflectional morphology can be obligatory in some syntactic contexts. *Sylvia usually walk to work. Sylvia usually walks to work.

13. Conversion ‘Invisible’ morphology to build – a build-er to dance – a danc-er to run – a run-er to kill – a kill-er to cook – a cook

14. Conversion between different categories: to runVERB – a runNOUN yellowADJECTIVE – to yellowVERB downPREPOSITION – to downVERB greenADJECTIVE – a greenNOUN

15. Null affixes in inflection: I/You usually go- to the market on Saturdays.

16. Tree structures Representing the structure of a complex word in the form of a tree diagram N N plural N N s school V N teach er

17. Structural ambiguity This ex-president-office-manager works for Bill Clinton. This ex-president-office-manager is now a street artist.

18. N N N N ex N N N manager N N ex N office N N manager president president office