earths structure and heat transfer

1. earths structure and heat transfer

2. lithosphere • Comes from the word sphere and greek word lithos meaning rock • the lithosphere is the solid outer section of earth • includes the crust • the lithosphere is 44-62 miles deep • it is relatively cool • under the ocean it is 3-5 miles deep

3. Mantle • thick layer of hot, solid rock between the crust and the molten iron core • makes up bulk of the earth, accounting for 2/3 of its mass • starts at 30 km. down and its 2,900 km. thick • mix of magnesium, silicon, iron, and oxygen that roughly matches the composition of the rock garnet • the upper most mantle is slowly stirred by the plate motions going on above it

4. Mantle cont. • the main activities going on are the downward motion of subducting plates and the upward motion of the mantle rock at spreading centers • also convection is used in the mantle as a method of heating the earth • hotspots (centers of eruptive action) may be a clue to the rise and fall of material much deeper in the universe

5. Core • 2 parts • Inner core: • dense solid metal core made up of nickel and iron • about 400 miles beneath the crust and about 800 miles thick • temperatures may reach 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit • pressures are 45,000,000 per square inch • the pressure is so extraordinary that the metals are not able to move like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like solids

6. Core Continued • Outer core • between the inner core and mantle • Liquid molten core, also made up of nickel and iron • 4,000 - 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit • All metals are in liquid state • 1,800 miles beneath the crust and about 1,400 miles thick

7. earths layers • earths layers are like a pot of boiling water • lithosphere = cover of the pot • mantle = water inside the pot • outer core = bottom of the pot • inner core = flame heating it all

8. Convection, conduction, radiation • convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of currents within a fluid for example: warmer water at the surface of a lake/swimming pool • conduction is the transfer of heat between particles within a substance for example: touching a hot pot handle • radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves for example: a camp fire giving off heat

9. relationship among energy provided by sun • energy from sun is known as solar energy • solar energy is a great renewable source of energy that is usually harnessed by electricity • the sun heats the center of the earth (equator) more because it is closest to the sun than the rest of the earth • the further away from the sun, the colder it gets • ex. standing near a fire and walking closer to it/ walking further away from it

10. global patterns of atmospheric movement • influence local weather • oceans have major effect on climate because water in oceans holds a large amount of heat • the weather depends on the location due to the tilt and rotation of the earth. • winds spread cold/warm air throughout the earth and currents in the ocean do the same with water

11. temperature differences • temperatures vary in the atmosphere due to the oxygen absorbing the light from the sun • with little oxygen there is less absorption making it colder • the temperature on earth/land varies depending on what angle the earth is facing the sun (seasons) • if the earth is tilted closer to the sun then that part will be warmer then theother parts of the earth that aren’t as close • water with salt has a low specific heat • the water at the surface is generally warmer than the water deep at the bottom • water normally freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius)

12. questions • 1) What is the largest layer of the earth and what elements does it contain ? • 2) Think of 2 example of heat transfer in everyday life and tell what kind of transfer it is. • 3) What method of heating happens in the mantle ? • 4) true or false, can solar energy be harnessed so it can be used for electricity and why do you think this could be useful. • 5) If the earth did not have continents, would the depth of the lithosphere vary? • 6) Explain the difference between convection, conduction, and radiation.

13. Sources • http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers9.html • http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/earths_core.html • http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers8.html • http://www.wallsonline.org/beautiful-view-somewhere-on-earth/ • http://geology.about.com/od/mantle/tp/mantleintro.htm • http://www.zmescience.com/science/physics/unparticle-earth-mantle-22022013/ • http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0063-conduction.php • http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/lithosphere.aspx • http://www.oorja.in/energy-efficient-air-conditioning/what-is-radiant-cooling/ • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiation/ • http://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/define.htm

14. Sources Cont. • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationtherapy.html • http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=sce304 • http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/climate/climte_present/winds.htm • http://snapguide.com/guides/make-healthy-lemongrass-drink/ • http://www.project2061.org/publications/rsl/online/Compare/NRC/NRC2BSL/5_8/NSES147.HTM • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_the_relationship_between_solar_energy_and_latitude_affect_a_given_area_on_earth#page2 • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_solar_energy_affect_earth#page1 • http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0063-conduction.php • http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/lithosphere.aspx • http://www.windows2universe.org/kids_space/temp_profile.html • http://www.claseshistoria.com/bilingue/1eso/relief/relief-lithosphere.html