Bacteria: the good, the bad and the ugly

1. Bacteria: the good, the bad and the ugly Anne Todgham and Annick Gauthier University of British Columbia

2. What are bacteria? • Small organisms - several µm (1/1000 of a cm, can only see 1/100) • They have all they need to live • DNA • Energy • Food • Can make proteins • Good and bad bacteria!!!!!! • Bacteria can be killed with antibiotics • Viruses are different - need host to “live” • Can’t kill virus with antibiotics Rod-like Bacteria

3. Pictures of Bacteria Bacteria from Fish Anthrax Anabena

4. Where are bacteria? • On our skin • In our intestinal tract • Help us digest food • In our mouth, throat • In the soil • In the ocean • In the forest • On plants • Everywhere!

5. Good vs Bad • Some bacteria cause disease • meningitis • pneumoniae • diarrhea • Good bacteria too: for example E. coli • there are disease-causing strains • there are digestion-helping strains

6. Why we should love bacteria • Live happily in the guts and lungs of animals • aid in digestion of food and vitamin production • stimulate the growth of some of our tissues • Fight foreign disease causing bacteria and prevent them from infecting us • Important in the cycling of nutrients in the environment ex. nitrogen and carbon • Make up the bottom of most food webs • critical for the survival of most living organisms • thought to be the origin of multicellular organisms

7. Why bacteria love us Our bodies provide bacteria with: • Constant supply of nutrients • Stable environment and constant temperature • Protection • Transportation We are a great home to live in!!

8. Interesting tidbits • 1013 bacteria in/on human body, and only 1012 human cells • 109 bacteria per gram of feces (population of world) • Only a very small number of “bad” bacteria • We breathe in 3-4 bacteria per breath • Number one infection: cavities • 50% of worlds population dies of infectious diseases (20% in our society) • Infectious diseases are the leading cause for taking time off of work • More people died in the Civil War of infectious disease that by bullets.

9. More cool bacteria numbers • Oldest fossil known is bacteria-like organisms that are 3.5 billion years old!! • 100 000 bacteria in each cm2 of skin • 1 billion bacteria in a teaspoon of soil • 80 distinguishable species of bacteria living in the mouth alone • Greater than 200 species of bacteria living on the entire body • Can reproduce every 20 min

10. Uses for Bacteria • Production of antibiotics like streptomycin and nocardicin • Put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sour cream • Vaccination (dead or weak bugs used to boost our immune system) • Can be used to break down oil after an oil spill

11. Growing Bacteria • All the bacteria that we will grow are normal bacteria that do not cause disease • Bacteria grow in colonies on a substance called agar that contains sugars and salts • We have poured these agar plates for you • CONDUCT EXPERIMENT • Incubate plates at 37oC at UBC for 2 days • Plates will be stored in fridge until October 23 when we will return to discuss results with you

12. Materials and Methods Objective: to culture bacteria from around the classroom and your body Materials: 1 LB agar plate, 4 cotton swabs, pencil and paper to take notes, marker Method: 1. Using black marker, divide plate into 4 quadrants, label plate with your name and the date in small letters 2. Choose which 4 areas you will swab and record this in your science duotang 3. Label the plate with the areas you will swab • note label the bottom (i.e. agar containing part of the plate) 4. Remove one sterile swab from its packaging (do not touch it), swab area of choice by gently rubbing cotton swab on it, and then transferring this to the LB agar plate by gently rubbing the agar in the designated quadrant 5. Repeat step 4 for 3 other areas of choice 6. Clean up: put LB plate and marker into middle of your table, put all cotton swabs and wrappers into orange garbage bag

13. Pictorial of Procedure Next class:

14. Growing Bacteria • thumb • mouth, nose or ear • floor • table • phone • keyboard • light switch • sink • sink faucet • toilet handle • toilet

15. Culturing Bacteria

17. Identification of Bacteria • Grow bacteria on different media • Different bacteria grow on different types of plates • Check for antibiotic resistance • Jessica’s expt • Use stains or antibodies • Gram stain • Antibodies “agglutinate” • Clump up bacteria • DNA • amplify certain genes

18. How do we defend ourselves? • Non-specific • Skin • Hair • Shedding cells • Tears • Macrophages • Good bacteria! • Specific • Antibodies • B cells • T cells

19. Picture of Gastrointestinal Tract

20. Bacteria of the mouth • Dental plaque, cavities and periodontal disease result from the actions initiated by our normal bacterial flora • 60-70% of the volume of plaque is made of bacteria -- these bacteria release lactic acid that breaks down the enamel of the teeth and can cause cavities and further infection of your mouth

21. Picture of Respiratory System

22. Life without bacteria • Normal bacterial flora are very important in protecting our bodies from pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria • Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics has a profound effect on our “good” bacteria and can result in “bad” antibiotic-resistant bacteria infecting our bodies • Animals raised in an environment filled with bacteria are much healthier than those raised in a sterile environment • Clean hypothesis • People need bacteria to live

23. How can we stay healthy? • Good nutrition • Low stress • Age • Cleanliness • but we need bacteria • antibacterial soaps • Regular doctor and dental visits • Vaccines up to date