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4.3 Conversion

4.3 Conversion. 4.3.1. Definition. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class into another class, i. e. by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms.

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4.3 Conversion

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  1. 4.3 Conversion

  2. 4.3.1. Definition Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class into another class, i. e. by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms

  3. e.g. clear 1> a clear photograph (easy to see or hear; distinct) 2>  The sky cleared after the storm. ( of the sky or the weather become free of cloud or rain) 3> I can hear you loud and clear. ( clearly, distinctly) conversion can be also called derivation by zero suffix 零位后缀派生法 with the short form zero-derivation. 零位派生法

  4. 4.3.2 Categories of Conversion • 1 conversion to nouns • 2 conversion to verbs • 3 conversion to adjectives

  5. 4.3.2.1 Conversion to nouns • 1) Deverbal: verbs to nouns • 2) De-adjective: adjectives to nouns • 3) Miscellaneous: conjunctions/prepositions/…nouns

  6. 1) Deverbal • import the goods imported • doubt the state of doubting • wrap the things wrapped

  7. They are usually related to the original words in various ways A : state (of mind and sensation) want B: event or activity search the activity of searching C: result ofaction reply what is wanted a letter that has been written back to the receiver D: doer of the action cookone who cooks Many of this group are derogatory cheat one who cheats

  8. f; E: tool or instrument to do the action with catch 门扣 F: place of action dump a place for dumping wastes

  9. 1 ) nouns converted from simple verbs can be used with “have ,take ,make ,give” and so on e.g.: have a drive ; take a peep 2) Nouns converted from phrasal words a : original order hand out hand-out b : inverted flow over overflow break down break out breakdown outbreak back

  10. 2) De-adjective a communist / the rich a communist /communists 共产主义者 the rich 富人 (1) words fully converted They can take an indefinite article or (-es) to indicate singular or plural number. a native / natives (2) words partially converted they must be used together definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. the poor / the rich back

  11. 3) miscellaneous conversion from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs , prepositions and so on . ifs and buts 借口和托词 pros and cons 赞成者和反对者 also-run 竞争失败的人 back

  12. 4.3.2.2 Conversion to verbs Advantages: economic and vivid Please compare this two To elbow one’s way through the crowd To push one’s way through the crowd with one’s elbow

  13. 1) Denominal : nouns to verbs Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in various ways. a : to put in or on N list to list = to enter a list (编制成列表) b: to give or to provide with N man to man =to provide with men (配置人员) c: to deprive of N core to core =to remove the core from (去果核) d: to do with N hand to hand = to give with hand (递交)

  14. e : to be or act as dog to dog = to follow or hunt like a dog (尾随，追踪) f : to make or change into N cripple to cripple =to make sb/sth a cripple g : to send or go by N ship to ship =to send by ship Verbs of this type are all transitive except : helicopter , bicycle, boat, motor

  15. Some nonaffixal changes that take place when some nouns are converted to verbs • Voiceless to voiced consonant • noun verb • house /s/ house /z/ • advice /s/ advise /z/ • Initial to end stress • noun verb • ‘record re’cord • ‘permit per’mit

  16. 2) De –adjective : adjectives to verbs Most of this group can be used as either transitively to mean ”to make sth … ” or intransitively “to become” narrow to narrow = to make sth narrow vt. to become narrow vi. However, some words can only be used astransitive words humble (谦恭) = to humble (压低某人的身份) When some words are used as words ,they mean do sth in a certain way rough to rough =treat sth in a rough way

  17. 3) Miscellaneous conversion ADV. V. to further (促进) PREP. V. to round (环绕而行) back

  18. 4.3.2.3. Conversion to adjective * Much less productive * Mostly occurs between nounsand adjectives

  19. *3.1 mass and material nouns Examples: A brick garage—The garage is brick. An iron gate—The gate is iron. More…… a chalk board a gold ring a silver coin a log cabin a whitesilk scarf

  20. 3.2 Nouns of other kinds Examples: A department decision --a decision which is made by the department Drug addict --a person who is addicted to drug A very Oxbridge accent—His accent is Oxbridge. ( Oxbridge: Oxford & Cambridge ) impulse buying --buying on impulse

  21. More examples: Production manager Television programme A math problem World population Job opportunity

  22. 3.3 nouns that can simply replace the derived adjectives * Have no difference * examples: prestige university — prestigious university gold cross --- golden cross race hatred --- racial hatred affluence society --- affluent society spark plug --- sparking plug lead car --- leading car

  23. 3.4 Noun modifier & adjective modifier With great difference Examples: Stone house –a house made of stones Stony heart –a heart as hard as stone Bankruptcy lawyer– a lawyer who deals with bankruptcy cases Bankrupt businessman – a businessman who is bankrupt Riot police – police who stop riot Riotous police – police who tend to make riots

  24. Efficiency expert – an expert who studies work efficiency Efficient expert – an expert who is efficient Obesity specialist – a specialist who deals with problem of obesity Obese specialist – a specialist who is obese

  25. Other words to adjective: My father was the then president. (adv.- adj.) I will take a through train. (prep.- adj.)

  26. 4.Other categories of conversion 4.1Voiceless to voiced Consonant Noun Verb house /-s/ house /-z/ advice /-s/ advise /-z/ mouth /-ө/ mouth /-ð/ shelf /-f/ shelve /-v/ breath /-ө/ breathe /-ð/

  27. 4.2Initial to end stress Examples: n. V. contrast contrast desert desert increase increase produce produce perfect perfect record record present present Sentences: * His friends deserted him in the desert. * You must perfect yourself if you want a perfect girlfriend.

  28. 4.3 Conversion from phrases to adjectives Examples: * a face-to-face interview * lower-class morals * It’s all to nothing that they will succeed.

  29. 4.4 some exceptions of conversion In some rare cases,a substantial change of pronunciation or spelling may happen. *Examples: food-- feed blood-- bleed breath/e/ -- breathe/i:/ bath /a:/ -- bathe/ei/

  30. The end Wish you have a good time Class 2

  31. The end

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