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Chapter Five

Chapter Five. First Two Years: Biosocial Development. Body Changes. Rapid changes Consequences of neglect severe. Body Size. Most notable time for physical changes grow one inch/month in 1 st year weight doubles by 4 months and triples by one year

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Chapter Five

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  1. Chapter Five First Two Years: Biosocial Development

  2. Body Changes Rapid changes Consequences of neglect severe

  3. Body Size Most notable time for physical changes grow one inch/month in 1st year weight doubles by 4 months and triples by one year head-sparing —protection of brain when malnourished

  4. Sleep Newborns about 17 hours per day needed for rapid growth REM sleep—rapid eye movement sleep—declines Sleep patterns influenced by brain waves and parents’ caregiving practices

  5. Basic Brain Structures Neurons —most created before birth 70% in cortex Axons —send impulses Dendrites —receive impulses Synapses – gaps between each neuron Neurotransmitters - brain chemicals which carry information across synaptic gap

  6. At birth more than 100 billion neurons transient exuberance—fivefold increase in dendrites in first 2 years As many as 15,000 connections may be made per neuron Exuberance

  7. brain structure and growth depend partly on experience underused neurons are inactivated, or pruned Experience Enhances the Brain

  8. experience-expectant brain functions require basic common experiences to develop normally the brain expects certain experiences at certain ages experience-dependent brain functions May or may not happen – depends on experiences Experience Enhances the Brain

  9. Hearing Certain sounds trigger newborns’ reflexes Newborns particularly attentive to human voice 6 months “Screen out” non-useful sounds Vision least mature sense at birth Binocular vision — not very good Senses

  10. Taste — prefer mother’s milk Touch — comforted by touch; feel pain Smell —have preferences Senses, con’t

  11. Reflexes Reflexes for survival maintain oxygen supply (breathing) maintain body temperature (crying, kicking) manage feeding (rooting, sucking, swallowing)

  12. Gross Motor Skills Involve large muscles and body movements crawling, creeping, walking Fine Motor Skills Prereaching Reaching Ulnar Grasp Pincer Grasp Motor Skills

  13. Age Norms (in Months) for Gross Motor Skills*

  14. Immunizations – more benefits than side effects SIDS risks laying baby on stomach to sleep secondhand smoke low birthweight formula feeding Health Issues

  15. Health Issues, con’t Breast Feeding healthier easily digestible has antibodies Bottle Feeding babies more likely to have allergies better if mother is HIV+ or using drugs Recommend: exclusive breast-feeding for 4-6 months and continued until 2 years

  16. Severe Malnutrition brain does not develop normally no body reserves to protect from disease marasmus and kwashiorkor Malnutrition

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