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Neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules M. Yoshimura @Okayama Univ.

On behalf of SPAN collaboration. Neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules M. Yoshimura @Okayama Univ. Search for the missing link of micro- and macro- worlds. Plan of this talk. Introduction Experimental principles of neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules

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Neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules M. Yoshimura @Okayama Univ.

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  1. On behalf of SPAN collaboration Neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/moleculesM. Yoshimura @Okayama Univ. Search for the missing linkof micro- and macro- worlds yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  2. Plan of this talk • Introduction • Experimental principles of neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules • Radiative emission of neutrino pair （RENP） vs Paired superradiance(PSR) • Measurables: largest neutrino mass, IH vs NH, Majorana vs Dirac distinction, Majorana CP phases • Macro-coherence development , Formation of solitons • Experimental status on pH2 PSR, Xe RENP experiments vs yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  3. What our experiment can measure • Indivisual masses; • Hierarchy pattern; NH vs IH • Distinction of Majorana vs Dirac mass type • CPV phases; MD common Majorana ( cosmic background of 1.9 K may also be measurable ) yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  4. Principle of the experiment Table top exp. • De-excitation of excited atom: Combined weak + QED • Observe photon spectrum: • Spectrum has information on: • Absolute mass • Mixing angle or phases • Majorana/Dirac distinction • CPV phases yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  5. Theory of experimental principles and numerical results yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  6. RENP amplitude • Atomic de-excitation: process certainly existing in electroweak theory, assuming finite neutrino masses and mixing weak QED E1 x M1 transition of atomic electron yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  7. 6 threshold locations Macro-coherence, needed for rate enhancement, assures the momentum and the energy conservation of 3-body process, giving the threshold locations (ignoring atomic recoil) Decomposition into neutrino mass eigenstates made possible by precision of trigger laser frequency Easily accurate to mu eV, hence sensitive to meV neuMass yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  8. Rate estimate of RENP • RENP rate • For Xe • n=1021/cc • V=100 cc • Assumed: field energy efficiently stored in atomic system (1) (2) (3) • Atomic factor with macro coherence (2) Field energy stored in atomic system (3) Spectrum: mixing + kinematics yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  9. Typical experiment would involve • Measure increased CW signals, or • Measure emergence of PV quantities • Repeat with different to get spectrum yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  10. RENP rate formula & spectrum Decomposed into 3 factors Overall rate Spectral shape interference term due to Majorana identical pair emission Dynamical factor calculated by numerical integration of master eq. yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  11. Rate amplification by macroscopic coherence • Super-radiance coherent volume • In case of SR, coherent volume is proportional to l2L. • Phase decoherence time (T2) must be longer than TSR • For a process with plural outgoing particles • Phase matching condition (momentum conservation) is satisfied. • Coherent volume is not limited by l., can be macroscopic. Details confirmed by simulation of master equation in 1+1 dim yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  12. Threshold weights Determined by using oscillation exp. data CPV phase dependence yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  13. Observables: photon energy spectrum NH IH Xe yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  14. Near the threshold region G/G0 • Absolute masses: • Thresholds for (mi,mj) • NH-IH distinction: Eg [eV] yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  15. [ref] D.N. Dinh, S. Petcov, N. Sasao, M. Tanaka, and M. Yoshimura, PLB A. Fukumi et al., PTEP (79 pages) Dirac vs Majorana & CP phases We need to go to the lower energy to see M-D distinction or CP phases. G/G0 D-NH M-IH CPV Eg [eV] Eeg=0.429 eV Epg=0.446 eV Eg [eV] yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  16. How can Majorana vs Dirac distinction arise ? M1( ) x E1( ) Majorana field Dirac field (Majorana case) Rate proportional to Weight at thresholds Majorana phases yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  17. Easiness of measurables • Largest neutrino mass from the kink of spectrum • IH vs NH distinction • Majorana vs Dirac distinction • Majorana CP phases Last two requires < O(0.4) eV energy difference yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  18. Twin process and its control • PSR can be background ? Weak PSR: E1 x M1 RENP: E1 x M1 Can coexist for heavy atoms/molecules PSR can be dangerous, but controlable with soliton formation, giving confined field condensate that trigger RENP yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  19. Paired Super-Radiance (PSR) • Macro-coherent amplification • A new type of coherent phenomena • Should be established experimentally • Two photon emission process • Paired Super-Radiance • QED instead of weak process • Good experimental signature; i.e. back-to-back radiations with same color. We need weaker PSR for macro-coherence development of RENP yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  20. Master equations for PSRand trigger: medium polarization coupled with two-mode fields Density matrix for mixed states :2 types of relaxation yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  21. [ref] M. Yoshimura, N. Sasao and M.Tanaka, arXiv:1203.5394v1 [quant-ph] PRA PSR dynamics clarified by simulations (MB eq.) With no coherence, a large target relaxation time is required yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  22. Recent progress in PSR dynamics 2 • Explosive events expected!. • ~ 70% of stored energies are released within a few nsec. • Life time shortened by 1025 • 2gprocess natural life time : t ~ 1016 sec. Required relaxation time O[ns] yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  23. How target population and polarization is developed yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  24. Dynamical factor for RENP pH2 case Without soliton formation, large PSR outputs from target ends Time variation With soliton formation, exponentially small PSR leakage Spatial profiles of solitons yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  25. From trigger to PSR, soliton formation and RENP Many solitons inside, but no PSR from edges yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  26. Experimental status yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  27. PSR experiment with para-H2 • Vibrational transitions of solid para-H2 are good candidates. • Well quantized rotational and vibrational states • Dipole forbidden and two-photon allowed • Long decoherence time homonuclear diatomic molecule yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  28. Gas or Solid pH ? 2 g Two photon Rabi frequency 27 Dec. 2012, X00 meeting Realistic parameters: e ( v = 1) ( v = 0)

  29. How much coherence can be expected? 532nm 683nm d v =1, J =0 v =0, J =0 pH 1 atm at 77 K 2 (density of ~10 cm ) 20 3 532: 5 GW/cm 2 683: 5 GW/cm Raman sidebands 2 detuning d 5 mJ, 8 ns, Diam ~ 200 m m -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Numerical simulation solving Maxwell-Bloch equation 60 et al. F.L. Kien , Phys. Rev. A , 1562 (1999) Simulation code by Prof. Ohfuti, Prof. Katsuragawa (UEC) 27 Dec. 2012, X00 meeting

  30. yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  31. Xe spectroscopy for RENP Pulsed YAG laser Nd: YAG (1064nm → 355nm) Pulsed Dye laser BBO-out (250nm) 3.5 mJ BBO Nd:YAG out 355nm (150mJ/p) Dye Dye-out(500nm)=24 mJ/p UVlens Xe gas chamber Xe gas inlet Vacuum gauge (1 – 100 Torr) Dichroic mirror Fluorescence detectors Monochromator・（CCD/Photo-diode/PMT）

  32. Spectrum Transverse direction 881.90 calibrated 823.10 λp=252.4nm 2.0 mJ input f=500mm Xe 50 Torr 1sec 916.15 895.24 827.98 904.51 Monochromator 834.68 840.92 Pump Longitudinal direction Monochromator 823.18 calibrated λp=252.4nm 1.2 mJ input f=500mm Xe 50 Torr 1sec 895.26

  33. ② Observed spectrum following two-photon excitation excitation ⑥ ① Pump wavelength： 252.4nm Pump power : 1.8 mJ/p Xe density: 100 Torr Focus: f500mm ⑧ ④ ⑤ ⑩ ⑦ from ③ ⑨ ① ⑤ 823.27 882.01 ② ⑦ 827.99 905.18 ⑧ ⑩ ⑥ 916.74 992.46 895.05 ⑨ ③ 980.30 834.67 ④ 840.87 Pump Monochromator

  34. Angular distribution of 823nm fluorescence in laser direction Band-pass Filter (820nm) Photo Diode (φ11.3mm) slit φ1mm ND Filter Dichroic Xe cell 80 180 225mm 0 focus lens removed 823nm fluoreacense 2θ 2.82 Gaussian-fitting: FWHM = 2.82 mm 180 2θ=2.82/180 =0.01567rad=0.90° 1mm

  35. summary • Experimental detection of RENP possible with soliton formation (development and control of two-photon mode) • Perhaps 1st discovery after RENP identification is the largest neutrino mass, NH vs IH distinction • Next is MD distinction • Majorana CP measurement is harder yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  36. backup yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  37. Observability of relic neutrino hep-ph/0703019 • Pauli blocking effect yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  38. Threshold reduction 1/2x1/2 = 1/4Temperature measurement possible ?Case of laser irradiated pair emission For m_1 < 1meV, temperature measurement is not difficult Relative rate Photon energy yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  39. Soliton formation as static remnants R- , L-moving fields, and medium polarization are confined yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  40. PSR dynamics (1) yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  41. Superradiance: 2 level and 1 photon case Delayed enhanced signal accompanied by ringing Rate enhanced by N yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  42. Effective 2-level model for trigger and medium evolution 2 level interaction with field Ba yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  43. Bloch vector and Maxwell-Bloch equation Bilinears in amplitudes Phase condition Without relaxation Bloch vector yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  44. yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  45. (Mass) sin213 } 2 3 1 or 2 } 3 1 sin213 Present status of neutrino physics m2sol • Oscillation experiments • Finite mass • Flavor mixing • Only mass-squared difference can be measured. m2atm=(50meV)2 m2atm m2sol=(10 meV)2 e [|Uei|2] [|Ui|2] Normal (NH) Inverted (IH) [|Ui|2] yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  46. Prospect of Neutrino Physics Physics beyond Standard Model （Understandings of matter-dominated Universe, origin of Mass, GUT） Cosmology and Particle Physics Present and Future Neutrino Physics Majorana （n=n, phases a,b） Known/unknowns In neutrino Physics _ Measured Mass structure （Absolute: difference NH/IH) Mixing （angles q・phases d） Neutrino-less Double beta-decay Neutrino Spectroscopy with Atoms Neutrino Oscillation Experiments yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  47. M vs D in 2-component equations In terms of 2-spinor Lepton number manifestly violated Lepton number conserved yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  48. Lepto-genesis • Leading theory to explain the matter-antimatter imbalance of our universe • Prerequisite: lepton number violation, CP violation • Enhanced expectation due to discovery of finite neutrino mass in neutrino oscillation experiments • Sensitivity to low energy parameters Davidsson-Ibarra, NPB648, 345(2003) yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

  49. For RENP Topologically stable soliton Stability guaranteed To RENP, minimize PSR output and maximize stored solitons Soliton results as final static remnants of master eqs. Its analytic profile (spatial) is known for special cases. It has a spinorial topological character and stable against PSR Both absorber and emitter exist Stationary solutions are aggregate of balanced absorbers and emitters without net PSR at target ends (long target required). Ideal form of target for precision neutrino mass spectroscopy Both absorber and emitter exist yoshimura02/05/2013 @Milano

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