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CS 332: Algorithms

CS 332: Algorithms. Hash Tables. Homework 4. Programming assignment: Implement Skip Lists Evaluate performance Extra credit: compare performance to randomly built BST Due Mar 9 (Fri before Spring Break) Will post later today. level 3. level 2. 3. 9. 12. 18. 29. 35. 37.

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CS 332: Algorithms

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  1. CS 332: Algorithms Hash Tables David Luebke 15/24/2014

  2. Homework 4 • Programming assignment: • Implement Skip Lists • Evaluate performance • Extra credit: compare performance to randomly built BST • Due Mar 9 (Fri before Spring Break) • Will post later today David Luebke 25/24/2014

  3. level 3 level 2 3 9 12 18 29 35 37 Review: Skip Lists • The basic idea: • Keep a doubly-linked list of elements • Min, max, successor, predecessor: O(1) time • Delete is O(1) time, Insert is O(1)+Search time • During insert, add each level-i element to level i+1 with probability p (e.g., p = 1/2 or p = 1/4) level 1 David Luebke 35/24/2014

  4. Summary: Skip Lists • O(1) expected time for most operations • O(lg n) expected time for insert • O(n2) time worst case • But random, so no particular order of insertion evokes worst-case behavior • O(n) expected storage requirements • Easy to code David Luebke 45/24/2014

  5. Review: Hash Tables • Hash table: • Given a table T and a record x, with key (= symbol) and satellite data, we need to support: • Insert (T, x) • Delete (T, x) • Search(T, x) • We want these to be fast, but don’t care about sorting the records • In this discussion we consider all keys to be (possibly large) natural numbers David Luebke 55/24/2014

  6. Review: Direct Addressing • Suppose: • The range of keys is 0..m-1 • Keys are distinct • The idea: • Set up an array T[0..m-1] in which • T[i] = x if x T and key[x] = i • T[i] = NULL otherwise • This is called a direct-address table • Operations take O(1) time! David Luebke 65/24/2014

  7. Review: The Problem With Direct Addressing • Direct addressing works well when the range m of keys is relatively small • But what if the keys are 32-bit integers? • Problem 1: direct-address table will have 232 entries, more than 4 billion • Problem 2: even if memory is not an issue, the time to initialize the elements to NULL may be • Solution: map keys to smaller range 0..m-1 • This mapping is called a hash function David Luebke 75/24/2014

  8. Hash Functions • Next problem: collision T 0 U(universe of keys) h(k1) k1 h(k4) k4 K(actualkeys) k5 h(k2) = h(k5) k2 h(k3) k3 m - 1 David Luebke 85/24/2014

  9. Resolving Collisions • How can we solve the problem of collisions? • Solution 1: chaining • Solution 2: open addressing David Luebke 95/24/2014

  10. Open Addressing • Basic idea (details in Section 12.4): • To insert: if slot is full, try another slot, …, until an open slot is found (probing) • To search, follow same sequence of probes as would be used when inserting the element • If reach element with correct key, return it • If reach a NULL pointer, element is not in table • Good for fixed sets (adding but no deletion) • Example: spell checking • Table needn’t be much bigger than n David Luebke 105/24/2014

  11. Chaining • Chaining puts elements that hash to the same slot in a linked list: T —— U(universe of keys) k1 k4 —— —— k1 —— k4 K(actualkeys) k5 —— k7 k5 k2 k7 —— —— k3 k2 k3 —— k8 k6 k8 k6 —— —— David Luebke 115/24/2014

  12. Chaining • How do we insert an element? T —— U(universe of keys) k1 k4 —— —— k1 —— k4 K(actualkeys) k5 —— k7 k5 k2 k7 —— —— k3 k2 k3 —— k8 k6 k8 k6 —— —— David Luebke 125/24/2014

  13. Chaining • How do we delete an element? • Do we need a doubly-linked list for efficient delete? T —— U(universe of keys) k1 k4 —— —— k1 —— k4 K(actualkeys) k5 —— k7 k5 k2 k7 —— —— k3 k2 k3 —— k8 k6 k8 k6 —— —— David Luebke 135/24/2014

  14. Chaining • How do we search for a element with a given key? T —— U(universe of keys) k1 k4 —— —— k1 —— k4 K(actualkeys) k5 —— k7 k5 k2 k7 —— —— k3 k2 k3 —— k8 k6 k8 k6 —— —— David Luebke 145/24/2014

  15. Analysis of Chaining • Assume simple uniform hashing: each key in table is equally likely to be hashed to any slot • Given n keys and m slots in the table: the load factor = n/m = average # keys per slot • What will be the average cost of an unsuccessful search for a key? David Luebke 155/24/2014

  16. Analysis of Chaining • Assume simple uniform hashing: each key in table is equally likely to be hashed to any slot • Given n keys and m slots in the table, the load factor = n/m = average # keys per slot • What will be the average cost of an unsuccessful search for a key? A: O(1+) David Luebke 165/24/2014

  17. Analysis of Chaining • Assume simple uniform hashing: each key in table is equally likely to be hashed to any slot • Given n keys and m slots in the table, the load factor = n/m = average # keys per slot • What will be the average cost of an unsuccessful search for a key? A: O(1+) • What will be the average cost of a successful search? David Luebke 175/24/2014

  18. Analysis of Chaining • Assume simple uniform hashing: each key in table is equally likely to be hashed to any slot • Given n keys and m slots in the table, the load factor = n/m = average # keys per slot • What will be the average cost of an unsuccessful search for a key? A: O(1+) • What will be the average cost of a successful search? A: O(1 +/2) = O(1 + ) David Luebke 185/24/2014

  19. Analysis of Chaining Continued • So the cost of searching = O(1 + ) • If the number of keys n is proportional to the number of slots in the table, what is ? • A:  = O(1) • In other words, we can make the expected cost of searching constant if we make  constant David Luebke 195/24/2014

  20. Choosing A Hash Function • Clearly choosing the hash function well is crucial • What will a worst-case hash function do? • What will be the time to search in this case? • What are desirable features of the hash function? • Should distribute keys uniformly into slots • Should not depend on patterns in the data David Luebke 205/24/2014

  21. Hash Functions:The Division Method • h(k) = k mod m • In words: hash k into a table with m slots using the slot given by the remainder of k divided by m • What happens to elements with adjacent values of k? • What happens if m is a power of 2 (say 2P)? • What if m is a power of 10? • Upshot: pick table size m = prime number not too close to a power of 2 (or 10) David Luebke 215/24/2014

  22. What does this term represent? Hash Functions:The Multiplication Method • For a constant A, 0 < A < 1: • h(k) =  m (kA - kA)  David Luebke 225/24/2014

  23. Hash Functions:The Multiplication Method • For a constant A, 0 < A < 1: • h(k) =  m (kA - kA)  • Choose m = 2P • Choose A not too close to 0 or 1 • Knuth: Good choice for A = (5 - 1)/2 Fractional part of kA David Luebke 235/24/2014

  24. Hash Functions: Worst Case Scenario • Scenario: • You are given an assignment to implement hashing • You will self-grade in pairs, testing and grading your partner’s implementation • In a blatant violation of the honor code, your partner: • Analyzes your hash function • Picks a sequence of “worst-case” keys, causing your implementation to take O(n) time to search • What’s an honest CS student to do? David Luebke 245/24/2014

  25. Hash Functions: Universal Hashing • As before, when attempting to foil an malicious adversary: randomize the algorithm • Universal hashing: pick a hash function randomly in a way that is independent of the keys that are actually going to be stored • Guarantees good performance on average, no matter what keys adversary chooses David Luebke 255/24/2014

  26. The End David Luebke 265/24/2014

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