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1. MEC 451 Thermodynamics CHAPTER 4 Lecture Notes: MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD SUHAIRIL Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Second Law of Thermodynamics For students EM 220 and EM 221 only

2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Introduction • A process must satisfy the first law in order to occur. • Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take place. • Second law is useful: • provide means for predicting the direction of processes, • establishing conditions for equilibrium, • determining the best theoretical performance of cycles, engines and other devices. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM A cup of hot coffee does not get hotter in a cooler room. Transferring heat to a paddle wheel will not cause it to rotate. These processes cannot occur even though they are not in violation of the first law. Transferring heat to a wire will not generate electricity. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin-Planck statement • No heat engine can have a thermal efficiency 100 percent. • As for a power plant to operate, the working fluid must exchange heat with the environment as well as the furnace. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

5. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Heat Engines • Work can easily be converted to other forms of energy, but? • Heat engine differ considerably from one another, but all can be characterized : • they receive heat from a high-temperature source • they convert part of this heat to work • they reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink atmosphere • they operate on a cycle MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

6. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM The work-producing device that best fit into the definition of a heat engine is the steam power plant, which is an external combustion engine. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

7. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Thermal Efficiency • Represent the magnitude of the energy wasted in order to complete the cycle. • A measure of the performance that is called the thermal efficiency. • Can be expressed in terms of the desired output and the required input • For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done and the input is the heat supplied to make the cycle operate. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

8. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100 percent. where MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

9. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM • Applying the first law to the cyclic heat engine • The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

10. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM • A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the heat transfers between a reversible device and the high and low-temperature reservoirs by • The heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle is called the Carnot Heat Engine in which its efficiency is MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

11. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Heat Pumps and Refrigerators • A device that transfers heat from a low temperature medium to a high temperature one is the heat pump. • Refrigerator operates exactly like heat pump except that the desired output is the amount of heat removed out of the system • The index of performance of a heat pumps or refrigerators are expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

12. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

13. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

14. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Carnot Cycle MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

15. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Execution of Carnot cycle in a piston cylinder device MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

16. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

17. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM • The thermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat engines operating between the same temperature limits compare as follows • The coefficients of performance of actual and reversible refrigerators operating between the same temperature limits compare as follows MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

18. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Example 4.1 Solution: A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while burning fuel to produce 150 MW of heat energy at the high temperature. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency and the heat rejected by the cycle to the surroundings. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

19. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM TH= 652oC QH WOUT HE QL TL = 30oC Example 4.2 A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature heat reservoir at 652ºC and rejects heat to a low-temperature heat reservoir at 30ºC. Determine : (a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine (b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat reservoir Solution: MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

20. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM TH= 25oC QH Win R QL TL = 2oC Example 4.3 An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at 2ºC while operating in a room where the temperature is 25ºC and has a COP of 13.5. Is there any truth to his claim? Solution: - this claim is also false! MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

21. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Supplementary Problem 4.1 A 600 MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a river, has a thermal efficiency of 40 percent. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the river water. Will the actual heat transfer rate be higher or lower than this value? Why? [900 MW] A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the pipes and other components are estimated to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the cooling water at a rate of 145 GJ/h, determine (a) net power output and (b) the thermal efficiency of this power plant. [ 35.3 MW, 45.4% ] An air conditioner removes heat steadily from a house at a rate of 750 kJ/min while drawing electric power at a rate of 6 kW. Determine (a) the COP of this air conditioner and (b) the rate of heat transfer to the outside air. [ 2.08, 1110 kJ/min ] MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

22. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Determine the COP of a heat pump that supplies energy to a house at a rate of 8000 kJ/h for each kW of electric power it draws. Also, determine the rate of energy absorption from the outdoor air. [ 2.22, 4400 kJ/h ] An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 700 kJ of heat from a source at 500 K and produces 300 kJ of net work while rejecting the waste heat to a sink at 290 K. Is this reasonable claim? An air-conditioning system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is required to transfer heat from a house at a rate of 750 kJ/min to maintain its temperature at 24oC. If the outdoor air temperature is 35oC, determine the power required to operate this air-conditioning system. [ 0.463 kW ] A heat pump is used to heat a house and maintain it at 24oC. On a winter day when the outdoor air temperature is -5oC, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. Determine the minimum power required to operate this heat pump. [ 2.18 kW ] MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

23. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Entropy • The 2nd law states that process occur in a certain direction, not in any direction. • It often leads to the definition of a new property called entropy, which is a quantitative measure of disorder for a system. • Entropy can also be explained as a measure of the unavailability of heat to perform work in a cycle. • This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law predicts that not all heat provided to a cycle can be transformed into an equal amount of work, some heat rejection must take place. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

24. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Entropy Change • The entropy change during a reversible process is defined as • For a reversible, adiabatic process • The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic process. MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

25. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Entropy Change and Isentropic Processes The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a process can be summarized as follows: i. Pure substances: Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kgK) Isentropic process: s2 = s1 ii. Incompressible substances (liquids and solids): Any process: s2 – s1 = cav T2/T1 (kJ/kg Isentropic process: T2 = T1 MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

26. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM iii. Ideal gases: a) constant specific heats (approximate treatment): for all process for isentropic process MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

27. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Example 4.5 Steam at 1 MPa, 600oC, expands in a turbine to 0.01 MPa. If the process is isentropic, find the final temperature, the final enthalpy of the steam, and the turbine work. Solution: MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

28. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM • Since that the process is isentropic, s2=s1 • Work of turbine MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

29. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

30. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

31. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Example 4.6 Steam at 1 MPa, 600°C, expands in a turbine to 0.01 MPa. The isentropic work of the turbine is 1152.2 kJ/kg. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 90 percent, calculate the actual work. Find the actual turbine exit temperature or quality of the steam. Solution: • Theoretically: MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

32. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM • Obtain h2a from Wa MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

33. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Example 4.7 Air enters a compressor and is compressed adiabatically from 0.1 MPa, 27°C, to a final state of 0.5 MPa. Find the work done on the air for a compressor isentropic efficiency of 80 percent. • For isentropic process of IGL • Then Solution: • From energy balance MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

34. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Supplementary Problems 4.2 The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with the superheated water vapor at 200 kPa and 150oC. At this moment both inlet and exit valves to the radiator are closed. After a while the temperature of the steam drops to 40oC as a result of heat transfer to the room air. Determine the entropy change of the steam during this process. [ -0.132 kJ/.K ] A heavily insulated piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of steam at 300 kPa and 150oC. Steam is now compressed in a reversible manner to a pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the work done on the steam during this process. [ 16 kJ ] A piston –cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and 27oC. The gas is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV1.3=constant. The process ends when the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the entropy change of nitrogen during this process. [ -0.0617 kJ/kg.K ] MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS

35. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500oC with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy of the steam, determine (a) the temperature at the turbine exit and (b) the power output of the turbine. [ 69.09oC,3054 kW ] Refrigerant-R134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at 120 kPa at a rate of 0.3 m3/min and exits at 1 MPa pressure. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the exit of the compressor and (b) the power input, in kW. Also, show the process on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines. [ 58.9oC,1.70 kW ] MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS