East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

1. 18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

2. East Asia in the Late Traditional Era • Late Imperial China • Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties • Japan • Warring States Era (1467–1600)‏ • Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)‏

3. Seventeenth-century screen painting of a Shintō river festival

4. Introduction • East Asian countries shared many cultural elements • But differed in institutions and history

5. Introduction (cont’d) • Common influence of Confucianism • China and Japan were furthest apart • Chinese dynastic cycle continued in Ming and Qing • Japan’s history was closer in some ways to that of Europe • Korea and Vietnam closer to China

6. Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era • What features of Japan or China, other than those mentioned above, bear on their lack of progress from commerce to industry? What other factors presented in the chapters on Europe are relevant? • Why was Tokugawa Japan more open to Western learning than Qing China? Was population a plus, a minus, or a factor that did not matter?

7. Late Imperial ChinaMing (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties

8. Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People • Ming-Qing continuities: longest stretch of good government in Chinese history • China’s population doubled from 1368 to 1644 • 60 million to 125 million • 410 million by mid-nineteenth century

9. Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People (cont’d) • Increase in food supply • Rice and new crops such as maize • Yangzi valley was densely populated • Ming cash crops – silk and cotton

10. Third Commercial Revolution • Expansion between 1500 and 1800 • Followed First (Han) and Secont (Song) commercial revolutions • Commerce expanded in mid-sixteenth century • Population surge • Relaxation of government controls

11. A porcelain enameled plate

12. Third Commercial Revolution (cont’d) • Stimulus of imported silver • Favorable balance of trade • Urban growth – mainly market towns • Women still restricted by Confucian edicts • Spread of footbinding

13. Figure 18–1. A Bound Foot

14. Ming-Qing China:The Emperor • Strong emperors • More direct control • Secretariat abolished • Personal government • Despotic power • Forbidden Palace, Beijing • Rebuilt • Centered on emperor’s rule

15. The Thin Horse Market

16. The Thin Horse Market

17. Ming-Qing China:Bureaucracy • Similar to Tang, Song times • Manchus strongly centralize • Revenues restored • But fixed • Emperors lose out as production rises • Officials, later called “mandarins” • Competition to enter civil service • Examinations

18. Gentry • More important than in the past • Between bureaucracy and village • District magistrate • Lowest level • Over population of up to 300,000 by late Ming • “Law of avoidance” – placed outside of home province • Urban, not rural, not landed

19. Pattern of Manchu Rule • Manchu (Qing) takeover was smooth • Short transition • Manchus were already Sinicized • Manchus adopted institutions to maintain themselves as an ethnically elite group • Manchu troops segregated

20. Examination Stalls

21. Pattern of Manchu Rule (cont’d) • Dyarchy • For each key post, one Chinese, one Manchu • Able Rulers • Kangxi: model emperor, patron of culture and learning, encouraged trade • Qianlong: Kangxi’s grandson, prosperous rule, but corruption at end

22. Emperor Qianlong

23. Chronology: Late Imperial China

24. Ming Foreign Relations • Vigorous expansion under early Ming • Tribute system • Naval exploration under Zheng He • First armada – 62 major ships, 28,000 sailors • Half century earlier than Portuguese voyages • Chief threat came from Mongols

25. Ming Foreign Relations (cont’d) • Also threat from Japanese and Chinese pirates • Ming invasion of Korea in late sixteenth century

26. Map 18–1. The Ming Empire and the Voyages of Zheng

27. Giraffe with Attendant

28. Qing Foreign Relations, Culture • Manchu takeover in 1644 • Threat still came from north and northwest • Conquest of Tibet • Increasing European contact • Jesuits appeal to Kangxi • Christianity later banned • Macartney mission to China

29. Jesuit Missionary

30. Ming-Qing Culture • Increasingly turned inward • Reaction to Buddhism under Song • Ming-Qing antipathy to Mongol rule • Gu Yanwu • Example of intellectual refusing to serve Manchu • Philology • Works only rediscovered in late 1800s

31. Ming-Qing Culture (cont’d) • Traditional arts favored: painting, calligraphy, poetry, philosophy

32. JapanWarring States Era (1467–1600)

33. Warring States Era (1467-1600) • War of All Against All • Foot Soldier Revolution • Foreign Relations and Trade

34. Japan – Warring States Era • Warring States Era (1467-1600) • Ashikaga equilibrium was precarious • Warfare among the daimyo • “The strong eat and the weak become the meat” • Unification in stages • Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)

35. Foot Soldier Revolution • Foot soldier replaced the aristocratic mounted warrior as the backbone of the military • Warfare and society changed as well • Daimyo took all land revenue • Multigeniture to unigeniture

36. Foot Soldier Revolution (cont’d) • Rise of larger armies – 100,000s • New weapons • Thrusting spear • Musket, from Portuguese

37. Daimyo Castle

38. Societal Transformation • In some respects, Japan resembled postfeudal Europe • Most of the military class were soldiers, not aristocrats • Military class had reached 7 to 8% of population • Recruitment of village warriors added significantly to power of daimyo • Commercial growth continued through the dark decades of Warring States period

39. Chronology: Warring States Japan and the Era of Unification (1467-1600)‏

40. Foreign Relations and Trade • Increased trade with China • Shogun appointed “King of Japan” • “Tribute missions” sent to China • Progress of Japanese crafts • “Vermilion-seal trade” after Hideyoshi

41. Arrival of the Portuguese in Japan

42. Foreign Relations and Trade (cont’d) • Seclusion • Trade limited to small community of Chinese merchants in Nagasaki • Japanese could not leave Japan • Large ship construction prohibited • Arrival of European ships – Portuguese

43. Christianity • Jesuit missionaries • Jesuits directed efforts towards Samurai • 300,000 converts by 1600 • Christianity seen as new Buddhist sect • Cosmic Buddha of Shingon and Christian God seen as similar • Also Bodhisattva Kannon and Virgin Mary

44. Christianity (cont’d) • Hideyoshi banned Christianity in 1597 • Persecutions under Tokugawa Ieyasu • Nagasaki uprising in 1637 – 37,000 died

45. Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)

46. Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) • Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century • Hideyoshi’s Rule • Establishment of Tokugawa Rule • The Seventeenth-Century Economy

47. Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd) • Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries • The Forty-Seven Ronin • Cycles of Reform • Bureaucratization • The Later Tokugawa Economy • Languages of East Asia

48. Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd) • Hideyoshi’s rule • Problem of dealing with armed peasantry • Hideyoshi ordered “sword hunt” in 1588 • Hideyoshi moved to freeze society • Marrying within own class • Clothing styles dictated • Surveys of lands • Standardization of weights and measures • Made systematic land tax possible

49. “Picture-treading” Plaque

50. Tokugawa Leyasu • Final unification in 1600 • Confiscated lands of defeated enemies • Rewarded vassals and allies • Reshuffling of domains • Regulation of legal codes • Hostage system