Introduction

1. Introduction 引 言 By陈烽

2. 翻译简介 翻译标准 翻译定义 翻译程序 练 习 翻译分类 翻译方法 译者素养 翻译技巧

3. General Introduction • Translatability: • different in phonetics, lexicology, grammar, syntactic structures; • similar in living patterns. • Origin of translation: • Zhou Dynasty； • first recorded in West Han Dynasty; • History: 3 periods of climax • East Han Dynasty---Tang and Song Dynasty • Ming and Qing Dynasty • 5.4 period

4. Functions of translation: • a means of cross-linguistic, cross-cultural communication; • an instrument for transmitting culture; • a technique for improving language acquisition; • encouraging social development main

5. Definition of translation • 语言学派；交际学派；社会符号学派；文艺学派 • Cross-linguistic transformation of meaning • denotative meaning ; • connotative meaning; • collocative meaning; • contextual meaning ; • stylistic meaning; • 1. sun • 2. I want my Martini dry. • 3. An apple a day keeps a doctor away. • 4. soft music/ soft drinks

6. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source- language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida and Charles R.Taber, 1982:12) • Some terms: • source language • target language/ receptor language • translator • original version • translation main

7. Classification of Translation • 1. Intralingual/ interlingual translation • 2. Interpretation, translation, machine translation • 3. translation of different genres( sci-tec translation, literary translation, etc) • 4. complete translation, adapted translation, selective translation, abstract translation , etc main

8. Qualities for a good translator • 1. good bi-lingual competence, esp. understanding and expressing • You can’t be too careful. • It is five years since he smoked. • 2. broad knowledge • Big brother; kick bucket; • Hannibal had us for lunch, Clarice. • 3. translation strategies, techniques • 4. careful and conscientious attitude main

9. Principle of translation • faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance -----严复《天演论》 • faithfulness, expressiveness, closeness -----刘重德《翻译十讲》 • spiritual conformity -----傅雷 • adaptation -----钱仲书 • Excellent translation faithfully reflects all the original passage in vocabulary, syntax, even punctuation and spelling. • faithfulness, smoothness

10. Faithfulness • be faithful to the content • 1>Avoid word for word translation • 2>Avoid cultural misunderstanding • 3>Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms • be faithful to the style

11. 1>Avoid word for word translation • greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment. • 1．对错误监禁的最大数额的赔偿。 • 2．最大数额的冤狱赔偿金。 • The chief criminals shall be punished without fail. • 主要罪犯绝对要受到惩罚。 • 首恶必办。 • Didn’t you go to see the film last night? • No, I didn’t. • 你昨晚没去看电影是吗？ • 是的，我没去。 main

12. 2>Avoid cultural misunderstanding • Love me, love my dog. • Every dog has its day. • talk horse • He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth, so he went and joined a Hippie commune. • 出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人财富占有欲的反感，他加入了嬉皮士群居社。 main

13. 3> Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms • You can not trust him to keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans before long. • 切勿相信他会保守秘密，过不久他肯定会泄露于人的。 • I am sorry. I will eat my words. • 对不起，我收回我说的话。 main

14. Faithful to the style • formal&informal • positive/negative • humorous/ rigid • That man was so rude to me. I wouldn’t go back to that job for all the tea in China! • 那人对我太无礼了,我无论如何也不再去做那份工作了. • 那家伙对我太无礼了,八抬大轿来请,我也不去做那份工作了. • I am up to my neck in your bullshit. • 你害得我好苦。 • 你让我倒他妈的八辈子邪霉了。 main

15. Process of translation • 1. Understanding • 1.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context • 2.Understanding the background • 2. expressing and re-expressing • 1.Expressing • 2.Re-expressing • 3. editing

16. 1-1.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context • A) Draw a line from A to B. • B) The ship crossed the line. • C) Cooking is more in your line than mine. • D) They were given their marriage lines after the registration. • E) She bought an overcoat lined with silk.

17. 1-2.Understanding the background • 潺潺长江水, 悠悠远客情. 落花相与恨, 到地一无声. -----韦承庆<南行别弟> • Mournfully, mournfully rolls the long River, Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s breast. The flowers as they fall, his fate recall, As each flutters down in the earth to rest -----Fletcher

18. 问题 • question, problem, trouble, point, issue • 当时我们正在长征的路上,每天行军一百多里. • We were on the Long March. Every day we marched a hundred li or more. • march—walk • <高级英汉双解词典>:march:walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps. • <朗曼当代英语词典>: to walk with regular,esp.forceful steps like a soldier.

19. The process of understanding • first reading , general reading for main idea, theme, background • second reading, careful reading for details • final reading for stylistic features, spirit

20. How to understand • 1)contextual analysis • The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington. • The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington are out at the field, including the president and many of the members of the Cabinet. • John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington. • She didn't attend the meeting because she wanted to. • 2)logical analysis • The old man informed us that his wife had thirteen children, one in every month of the year and one over besides. main

21. 2-1.Expressing • Express the content and in the meantime keep the original form mainly including structure arrangement, image, figure of speech,etc. • 我从乡下跑到城里来，一转眼已经六年了。 • Six years have passed by in a flash/ in a twinkle since I came to the city from the countryside.

22. Keep the original content, sacrificing the form. • 有个农村叫张家庄，张家庄有个张木匠，张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫“小飞蛾”， “小飞蛾”生了个女儿叫艾艾。 • There was a village called Zhangjia Village, where lived Carpenter Zhang, who had a good wife, nicknamed little Moth, who gave birth to a girl called Ai’ ai.

23. Creation • 不爱红装爱武装。 • prefer to face the powder, rather than powder the face. • 生当为人杰，死亦为鬼雄。 • Be man of men, be soul of souls. • 无边落木萧萧下 • boundless forest sheds leaves shower by shower

24. 2-2.Re-expressing • 1.improving Chinese readability • Cotton fells soft. • 棉花使人感到柔软。 • 棉花摸上去柔软。 • Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result. • 即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。 • 你去了也是白去。 • 2.getting rid of the bound of original words • Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5. • The cathedral was built in Spanish Gothic style. • Distance from the event should make the memories less painful. • His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. • 3.mastering some skills main

25. 3.Editing • 对照原文，句句复审，重点查内容，注意发现和解决对原文理解上的问题。 • 脱离原文，细读译文，重点是译文文字的润色和句子结构的调整，把好译文的语言关。 • 再次对照译文，通读一遍，做进一步的检查. main

26. Translating Methods • Literal translation • Free translation • Transliteration

27. Literal translation • In the course of translation, not alter the original sentence pattern, structure, image, figures of speech. • It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration. • It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works. • The translation should be smooth, natural and acceptable. main

28. Free translation • Translate the content, without paying attention to the formal correspondence and the translation should be smooth, natural and acceptable. • It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without having to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech, images, etc.

29. Literal or free translation? • Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. • 直译：把贵重物品放在显眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。 • 意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。 • A gift is the key to open the door closed against. • 直译：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。 • 意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。 • Every life has its roses and thorns. • 直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。 • 意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。

30. It means killing 2 birds with one stone. • Don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs. • Never offer to teach a fish to swim. • Don’t display your axe at lu Ban’s door. • Hitler was armed to the teeth when he lunched WWII. • Don’t shed crocodile tears. • There is no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid. • Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. • Cast pearls before swine.

31. In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is King. • cry up wine and sell vinegar • gentlemen’s agreement • You can take a horse to the water but can not make it drink. • I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin.

32. breathe one’s last • go to one’s eternal rest • the long sleep • pass away • see God • see Marx • see one’s ancestors • go west • go to heaven • kick the bucket • paper tiger • the three religions and the nine schools of thought • the Four Books and the Five Classics main

33. Transliteration • 1) pronunciation • Yin Yang, logic, gongfu, TaiChi, kowtou • 2) names and places with special meaning and implication • typhoon, model, hacker • 贾宝玉（Magic Jade) • 3) similar meaning and similar pronunciation for trademarks or brand names • Kodak; Pentium; Tencent • 4) abbreviations , acronyms ( international practice) • Gallup Poll; OPEC main

34. Skills of Translation • 1. Amplification • 2. Omission • 3. Conversion • 4. Extension • 5. Repetition • 6. Reconstructuring • 7. Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions main

35. Practice • A translator has to know everything of something and something of everything. • 一个笔译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对所有事情都要懂一些。 • 翻译人员对有些事情要无所不晓， 对所有事情又要略知一二。 • 翻译人员搞学问，既要精深， 又要渊博。

36. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. • 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居 之时；其博彩也，最见 于高谈阔论之中；其长 才也，最见于处世判事 之际。

37. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. • 当我们年富力强时，死亡几乎是难以想象的。我们很少想到死。来日方长，前途无量。于是，我们整日忙于琐碎的事情，根本意识不到我们对生活的漠然态度。

38. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry, and start a tradition. • 一张贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可以用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可以用以平息争吵，减轻痛苦，提高士气，消除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。

39. Thank you!