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Occupations and social structure

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Occupations and social structure

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  1. HIS-CAM - Presentation and evaluation of an historical occupational stratification scale based upon the analysis of social interactionhttp://historyofwork.iisg.nl/http://www.camsis.stir.ac.uk/hiscam/Presentation to: Historical Demography (section on ‘occupation’), workshop on ‘The occupation in historical research’, Leuven, November 30th 2007 HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  2. Occupations and social structure • ‘Starting from the occupational titles themselves’ [HISCO – van Leeuwen, Maas & Miles 2002] • Comparative historical research This talk: • HIS-CAM and the ‘CAMSIS’ approach • Approaches to ‘universality’ and ‘specificity’ HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  3. CAMSIS (www.camsis.stir.ac.uk) Social Interaction Social Stratification  Index of occupation’s positions • Social interaction data (occupations of associates) • Partnership – Readily available in contemporary countries • Friendship; Intra-generational mobility; Inter-generational mobility; ... • ‘Specific’ approach • Many scales - for countries, gender, time periods, using detailed occ. codes CAMSIS – ‘Cambridge Social Interaction & Stratification Scales’ • Stewart, A., Prandy, K. and Blackburn, R.M. (1980) Social Stratification and Occupations. MacMillan. Other related applications: • Laumann, E. O., & Guttman, L. (1966). The relative associational contiguity of occupations in an urban setting. American Sociological Review, 31, 169-178. • Chan, T. W., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2007). Class and Status: The Conceptual Distinction and its Empirical Relevance. American Sociological Review, 72, 512-532. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  4. CAMSIS scale derivationswww.camsis.stir.ac.uk • Work on 27 countries so far, full derivations for 14 • Australia 1996; Slovakia 1995; Austria 1991/5; Slovenia ; Britain 2001, 1991, 1971, C19th; Spain 2002; Sweden 1990; Czech 1994; Switzerland 1990; Germany 1991/5; Turkey 1990; Hungary 1990/6; USA 1960, 1990, 2000; Ireland 1996 • ISCO and national occupational unit schemes • Downloaded as zip archives with ‘index file’ matching • Further national derivations actively pursued • Empirical perspective – scales ‘neutrally’ derived HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  5. CAMSIS scale construction methods • We use Goodman’s RC-II Association models in lEM (Vermunt 1997); correspondence analysis also suitable • RC-II allows us to separate out other influences on social interaction in occupations through ‘pseudo-diagonals’ and ‘subsidiary dimensions’

  6. CAMSIS for historical comparative research? • Preserve detailed occupational differences • Typically 300+ different scores in a dimension of stratification • Easy to add employment status dimension(s) if required • Comparative properties • Tell us about relative positions of occupations within their contexts {national / temporal / gendered / other} • Inter-generational occupational links • Data on social interaction between occupations • marriage records for husband-wife and their parents • household census returns (within-household occups) HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  7. HIS-CAM in short • Version 0.1(www.camsis.stir.ac.uk/hiscam/, May 2006) • Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, UK, Canada • Small range of scales linked to HISCO units & sub-groups • One cross-national scale (universal), and 6 national scales (specific), for 1800-1938 • Version 0.2(in process) • Improved micro-data on 6 core countries (extended coding quality review; increased volume of cases) • Consideration of US micro-data from IPUMS • A larger range of universal and specific scales, using different permutations of countries, time periods, and gender HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  8. HIS-CAM scales prove to have very similar properties to contemporary CAMSIS scales • Clearly reflect an order of stratification advantage / disadvantage in occupations • Jobs with educational requirements tend to be highest ranked (Univ. professors) • Low skilled labouring jobs tend to be lowest ranked • Correlate around 0.7 with prestige scales, class schemes • Some plausible differences between different specific scales • Agricultural jobs show most variation in relative positions between countries • Service sector jobs change positions over period HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  9. HIS-CAM at length • We have numerous possible specific scales • How do we decide between them.. => 2) Approaches to Universality and Specificity in historical data HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  10. Previous paper (May 2006) • It is easy to justify attention to specificity • Statistically, specificity makes for a better model • Substantively, specific differences often make sense HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  11. Nested scale estimates using lEM (Vermunt 1997) HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  12. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  13. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  14. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  15. v0.2: There are problems with specificity • It’s a great deal of work to produce specific scales… • Users don’t want measures which are too complex • There are possible measurement errors • Coding practices varying by countries • Model estimates rely on data management / adaptations HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  16. Permutations and Occupations HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  17. Data used in v0.2 HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  18. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  19. The impact of data • Distribution of cases into occupations on each of the 900 samples is substantially different • (in v0.1, this was ignored by using common coding in a nested model framework) • Ideally, a principle of specificity would involve national experts in occupational coding and statistical modelling, iteratively reviewing coding and categorisations whilst optimising statistical models [=>relatively few contemporary CAMSIS scales…] • In practice… HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  20. v0.2 strategies • Automated recoding of sparse occupations • (to popular or generic subgroup codes) • Standard model selection criteria • (2 dim model, excluding diagonals) • Est. 2 hrs data management and 1 hour scale estimation processing time per scale HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  21. Example results so far… HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  22. Current conclusions • Country patterns influence pooled patterns (e.g. Dutch structure dominates pooled models) • Argues for specificity within countries • May be better to use national scales internationally, than derive pooled scales • Universality / specificity is largely about practical concerns HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

  23. Conclusions – HIS-CAM and other Occupation-based social classifications • HIS-CAM is an effective measure of stratification inequality • ‘Concepts and measures’ debate in social classifications… • HIS-CAM a fruitful approach for examining particular occupational circumstances within countries • HIS-CAM is potentially sensitive to structural differences in occupational distributions between contexts • Challenges of working with and communicating large volumes of occupational information.. HIS-CAM - Leuven, Nov 2007

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