Sports Lighting: Off the Field

1. Sports Lighting: Off the Field Christian B. Luginbuhl U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Don Happ, LC, CEM D.H. Lighting Solutions Sports Lighting: Off the field

2. Sports Lighting: Off the Field Alex Galia, Zone Lighting Del Armstrong, Soft Lighting Jeff Hammel, Qualite Sports Lighting: Off the field

3. Sports lighting – How important?Flagstaff: total lighting amounts Sports Lighting: Off the field

4. Sports Lighting: Off the Field Goals: • To evaluate off-field impacts from a simple sportslighting application. What are the impacts; how can we measure them? • To compare these impacts for different sportslighting technologies Sports Lighting: Off the field

5. Sports Lighting: Off the Field • All lighting designs are from the lighting companies with exception of two “generic” floodlight designs • Set of design criteria is somewhat unusual… Sports Lighting: Off the field

6. Many factors affect sportslighting design • Type of sport; Playing level • Spectators (number, location) • Costs (initial, long-term) • Maintenance procedures/availability • Manufacture/designer/community relationships • Off-field impacts (EH, EV6, uplight, etc.) • Land-use geometries (e.g. house proximity) • Esthetic issues (# poles, pole ht.) Sports Lighting: Off the field

7. Many factors affect sportslighting design • Type of sport; Playing level • Spectators • Costs (initial and long-term) • Maintenance procedures/availability • Manufacture/designer/community relationships • Off-field impacts (EH, EV6, uplight, etc.) • Land-use geometries (house proximity) • Esthetic issues (# poles, pole ht.) Sports Lighting: Off the field

8. Sports lighting: Off the field • Design choices made to minimize off-field impacts will usually affect these other quantities Example: decreasing off-field illuminance will decrease lighting in spectator areas Sports Lighting: Off the field

9. The Application 225’ x 360’ Soccer field Lighting to IESNA RP-6-01 class III Max 80’ pole height Min 15’ pole setback Minimize off-field measures Sports Lighting: Off the field

10. Hardware Soft™ Flood Flood+V (simple visor) Qualite® (International with extreme cutoff visor) Zone Sports Lighting: Off the field

11. Design Summary Sports Lighting: Off the field

12. Off field impacts… • Measureable • Horizontal illuminance (fc) • Vertical illuminance at 6’ (fc) • Luminaire intensity (cd) • Upward light (lumens) • Measureable? • Impact on night landscape Sports Lighting: Off the field

13. Seeing light • Photometric measures, such as lux, footcandles and candela, are linear – factors of 2 are factors of 100% – seemingly huge to a light meter • Visual response is approximately logarithmic – factors of 2 are barely different to the eye Sports Lighting: Off the field

14. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance 1000 ft. Sports Lighting: Off the field

15. Horizontal illuminance(at ground level) Sports Lighting: Off the field

16. Horizontal illuminance(at ground level) 10 x Sports Lighting: Off the field

17. Horizontal illuminance(ground level) • Summary • All modern products produce much lower illuminance far from the field (10+ x lower) • Close to the field (50-100 ft.): cutoff and full cutoff products have higher lighting levels than louvered floodlights • Farther from the field (100 -- 1000 ft.): all modern products converge to similar levels Sports Lighting: Off the field

18. Horizontal illuminance(ground level) • Near the field Eh is not necessarily bad: it may provide lighting for areas that need lighting. Sports Lighting: Off the field

19. Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance 100 ft. 1000 ft. Sports Lighting: Off the field

20. Horizontal illuminance(ground level) • Near the field Eh is not necessarily bad: it may provide lighting for areas that need lighting. Sports Lighting: Off the field

21. Horizontal illuminance(ground level) • Near the field Eh is not necessarily bad: it may provide lighting for areas that need lighting. • Far from the field Eh becomes increasingly insensitive to light coming from the field and luminaires… Sports Lighting: Off the field

22. Vertical illuminance(at 6’ height) Sports Lighting: Off the field

23. Vertical illuminance(at 6’ height) 10 x Sports Lighting: Off the field

24. Vertical illuminance(at 6’ height) • Summary • Close to the field (<200’), the louvered floodlight system produces substantially lower illuminance (5-10x lower) • Far from the field (200-1000’) all modern products produce much lower and similar illuminances (10-30x lower) • At larger distances, fully shielded luminaires become invisible while floodlight luminaires remain visible to indefinite distances Sports Lighting: Off the field

25. Predicting effects • Lighting calculation programs “bottom out” at 0.01 fc (half full-moonlight!), but the eye’s sensitivity goes much lower… • Some important effects cannot be examined directly with such software Sports Lighting: Off the field

26. Sports Lighting: Off the field

27. Luminaire visibility at greater distance * brightest single luminaire in design Sports Lighting: Off the field

28. Luminaire visibility at greater distance Sports Lighting: Off the field

29. Luminaire visibility at greater distance 300000 lm isotropic source 215000 lm isotropic source Sports Lighting: Off the field

30. Luminaire visibility at greater distance Sports Lighting: Off the field

31. Luminaire visibility at greater distance 24000 lm isotropic source 960 lm isotropic source Sports Lighting: Off the field

32. Uplight • Uplight has two components… Sports Lighting: Off the field

33. Uplight • Uplight has two components… • Direct Sports Lighting: Off the field

34. Uplight • Uplight has two components… • Direct • Reflected Sports Lighting: Off the field

35. Uplight • Measuring direct uplight • A virtual “box” is constructed over the field, with the lower edge at the height of the luminaires • Direct uplight = Average illuminance inside box x box surface area Sports Lighting: Off the field (no ground reflectance)

36. Uplight • Measuring reflected uplight • Reflected uplight = [(lamp lumens x luminaire CU) – direct uplight] x 15% Sports Lighting: Off the field

37. Direct uplight Sports Lighting: Off the field

38. Total uplight min Minimum based on field area x 30fc x 15% reflectivity Sports Lighting: Off the field

39. Total uplight • Summary • Modern shielded products are a vast improvement • Direct component is a nearly negligible contributor to uplight for all but unshielded floodlights: the worst case is only 2.7% • Variation in total uplight for all modern systems is not large: most within 10% of mean Sports Lighting: Off the field

40. Total uplight +10% mean –10% X Sports Lighting: Off the field

41. Total uplight • Summary • Fully shielded systems produce more total uplight than floodlight systems, but not a lot more Sports Lighting: Off the field

42. Total uplight 580000 24% 468000 Sports Lighting: Off the field

43. Sports Lighting: Off the field • Summary • Modern shielded products are a vast improvement over older technologies Sports Lighting: Off the field

44. Sports Lighting: Off the field • Summary • There is no single product type that is best in all ways. The best answer will depend on the relative importance of many factors, including but not limited to “off the field” issues. Torrey Hills Park, San Diego Sports Lighting: Off the field

45. Sports Lighting: Off the field • Summary • Manufacturers are responsive to community needs and priorities, and are increasingly able to effectively respond to the particular concerns of dark skies Zone Skate Park, Camp Verde Arizona Sports Lighting: Off the field