Memory & Thought (Cognition)

1. Memory & Thought(Cognition) Chapter 11 (AP Review Book)

2. The filing system Pledge of Allegiance, Yankees starting line-up, 3rd grade, Lines from your favorite movie, State capitals, First love Going beyond memory, how do we think? How do we solve problems? How do we storememories?

3. Memory Memory: capacity to register, store, and recover information over time (learning) Cognition – all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering information Metacognition- thinking about how you think

4. Theories of Memory • Molecular Theory (James McConnell) • Memory stored in RNA molecules • EX: Flatworm experiment McConnell made the astonishing discovery that memory has an identifiable chemical basis. He trained flatworms to run mazes, and noted how long it took to do so. Then McConnell took the trained worms and ground them up and fed them to untrained worms. The untrained worms learned to run the maze a lot faster than the original worms had, apparently demonstrating that there was some sort of information in the trained worms that survived being ground up and ingested. The hypothesis was that the information was somehow encoded in RNA molecules, and could be physically transferred from one individual to another.

5. Information Processing Model • This is information processingmodel: compare your mind to a computer • 3 steps • Encoding – input received from our sensory receptors • Storage – retain info in our brains for sometime (range: 1 second to a lifetime) • Retrieval- when needed we can access it

6. Levels of Processing • Robert Lockhart and Fergus Craik– Levels of Processing Model • How long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when we encode it • A. Shallow Processing - we assign NO relevance to information we store at this level, includes superficial sensory information that emphasizes physical characteristics, like lines, curves or sensory stimuli • B. Semantic Encoding – deeper level, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, can be passed to short or long term memory

7. Levels of Processing Cont. • C. Deep processing – when we attach meaning to information and create associations between new and old information/memories • Best way to remember a new person’s names at a social event • For Example - “Hi Sam, I am Megan” (in your head your thinking, Sam- cool name, the only Sam I know is Sam Booth and he is hot, this guy is kindahot too! Hello Sam!) Creating associations between new memory and old memories is called – Elaboration Processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply by relating the new information to ourselves, making it easier to recall – self-reference effect or self-referent encoding

8. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory • We have 3 different memory systems characterized by time frames • 1) Sensory memory – memory system that holds external events from the senses for up to a few seconds • 2) Short-term memory – “working memory”, 20 seconds before forgotten, capacity is 7 + or + 2 • 3) Long-term memory – relatively permanent storage with unlimited capacity

9. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. • 1) Sensory Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! • Visual encoding • Iconic memory • Acoustic encoding • Echoic memory • Selective attention • Automatic processing • Parallel processing • Effortful processing • Feature extraction

10. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. • 2) Short Term Memory:TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Rehearsal • Maintenance rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal • Chunking • Mnemonic devices – • Method of loci – • Peg word system – • Many of the above strategies help convert info from short term to long-term

11. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. • 3) Long Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Subdivided into 2 Types: • 1) Explicit memory (or declarative) • Semantic memory • Episodic memory • 2) Implicit memory (or nondeclarative) • Procedural memory

12. Organization of Memories • TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • 1)Hierarchies- Concepts - Prototypes - 2) Semantic Networks - 3) Schemas - Script- 4) Connectionism -

13. Related Memory Terms • TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Artificial Intelligence (AI) – • Neural network • Parallel processing model

14. Biology of Long-term Memory • TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Long-term Potentiation (LPT) • Flashbulb memory • Thalamus • Hippocampus • Anterograde amnesia • Retrograde amnesia • Cerebellum

15. Retrieving Memories • TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Retrieval – the process of getting information out of storage • Recognition • Recall • Reconstruction Summarize Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve Theory(131) Also define these terms related to his research: savings method, overlearning effect, serial positioning effect, primacy effect and recency effect

16. Retrieving Memories • TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! • Retrieval Cues- • Priming- • Encoding specificity principle - • Context- dependent memory effect- • Mood congruence – • State-dependent - • Distributed practice - • Massed practice -

17. Retrieval, Reconstruction & Cues TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Repression – (Freud) Confabulation Summarize Elizabeth Loftus’ Theory on Confabulation (eye witness testimony) Misinformation effect Misattribution error

18. Retrieval + Interference = Forgetting TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Forgetting – the inability to retrieve information Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Interference Proactive interference Retroactive interference

19. Language

20. Thinking & Problem Solving

21. Obstacles to Problem Solving

22. Biases

23. Creativity

24. Sensory Memory: • Echoic Memory • Holds auditory information for approximately 1 second • EX: Teacher asks OFF TASK student a question • Iconic memory – • Form of sensory memory that holds visual information

25. Long-Term Memory: 2 Types • Explicit(declarative)Memory – conscious memory we recall as needed (facts, events) • Example- episodic, semantic Implicit(nondeclarative)Memory – unintentional memories, don’t realize we know it until we do it Example – procedural

26. Explicit Memory: 2 Types • 1. Semantic Memory • Memory of factual knowledge about the world, concepts, definitions, and grammar • EX: Spelling, Xmas. Independence Day • 2.Episodic Memory • Memories of one’s personal experiences in life • EX: 1st date & kiss, personal diary

27. Implicit Memory • Procedural Memory • Memories of actions, skills, operations, not requiring conscious recollection • ITS AUTOMATIC • EX: Throwing a ball, riding a bike, tying a tie, juggling, driving, muscle memory

28. Unique Type of Memory Yet another specific type of memory: Eidetic Memory (“photographic memory”) • Retain detailed visual image for several minutes, or longer, like Sheldon Cooper

29. Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under? • Selective Attention • Feature Extraction • Effortful Processing • Parallel processing • Automatic Prcessing

30. Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under? Chunking Rehearsal

31. Stages of Memory Short-term Memory to Long-term Memory HOW can we do this? Chunking Rehearsal Peg word System Mnemonic device – story, visual, rhyming, acronyms Method of Loci

32. Short-Term Memory EXERCISE Please read the word aloud as a class After all words are complete you will be instructed to do something!

33. Short-term memory Peach Book Sword Car Enemy Mirror Shoe Thermometer Clock Brick Bed Salt Flower Calendar Airplane

34. Stages of Memory • Encoding • Storing information in memory by making mental representation that brain can register • 50 states in 1 minute • Activity • On a separate/scrap piece of paper • List the 50 states! • You have 1 minute, GO!

35. Stages of Memory • Encoding/Retrieving strategies in LTM • A very simple illustration of the fact that people encode and search for information in predictable ways • Please read lists of states, in order originally written. • Familiar patterns • Alphabetical order • Region • Similarity of name (“New”) • Familiar ways to individual (Systematic) • Where one has lived, a significant event took place, NFL teams

36. Mnemonic Devices Pegword Narrative chaining Rhyming

37. Chunking? Here is a list of numbers 17761234201143212323 Now list the numbers

38. Now look at the list one more time 1776 1234 2011 4321 2323 Now list again CHUNKING MAKES SENSE

39. Maze

40. Stages of Memory • Levels of processing • Maintenance rehearsal (shallow processing) • Repetition • Elaborative Rehearsal (Deep processing) • Making associations between new & old information • Serial Position Effect • Primacy Effect – tend to remember beginning • Recency Effect – tend to remember the end

41. Stages of Memory • 3. Long-Term Memory • Storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time • LTM information organized by categories and features • Who is on the $10 dollar bill? • What direction is Lincoln facing?

42. Long-Term Memory Exercise Whose portrait is on the $10 bill… Hamilton Is Lincoln facing to the right or left on the penny?

43. Simon

44. Simon Anyone? http://neave.com/simon/

45. Retrieval of Information • Key to retrieval is organization • Recognition • Identify previously learned information • EX: Photographs, Objective type tests, 7 dwarfs • Name the 7 dwarfs

47. Retrieval of Information • Recall • Active reconstruction of memory • EX: Essay tests • Confabulation • Unconsciously filling in memory gaps • Eye witness testimony • Schemas • Learned generalizations about objects, events, and people • A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize & interpret information • Created based on expectations by past experiences

48. Schemas & Constructive Memory • Rumor Chain • Does long-term memory get distorted during encoding or retrieval by prior knowledge, particularly by schemas about the world, which include gender role expectations and other bias? • 5 people to the hall!! • Do not laugh when errors are made

49. Rumor Chain Story A Boeing 747 had just taken off from the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport for Chicago when a passenger near the rear of the aircraft announced that the plane was being taken over by the People’s Revolution Army for the liberation of the oppressed. The hijacker then held a 22-caliber pistol to the head of James Buckner, a flight attendant, and forced him to open the door to the cockpit. There, the hijacker confronted the pilot, Melanie Adams, and ordered her to change course for Mexico. The pilot radioed the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport Air Traffic Control Center to report the situation, but then suddenly hurled the microphone a the hijacker, who fell backward through the open cockpit door and onto the floor, where angry passengers took over from there. The plane landed back at the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport a few minutes later and the hijacker was arrested.

50. Rumor Chain Story • Errors made in story? • Did the description get shorter? • Were details left out? (Name of Airport, terrorist group) • This is called leveling • The descriptions will reflect the tellers’ schemas • EX: Pilots are men, women are flight attendants