1 / 30

The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle. Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups. Major Rock Groups. Igneous Formed from a melt (molten rock) Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and crystallization Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at the surface Sedimentary Formed at the Earth’s surface

xia
Download Presentation

The Rock Cycle

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Rock Cycle Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups

  2. Major Rock Groups • Igneous • Formed from a melt (molten rock) • Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and crystallization • Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at the surface • Sedimentary • Formed at the Earth’s surface • Clastic (Mineral Fragments or grains, clays) • Chemical (crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates) • Metamorphic • Changed by pressure, temperature and fluids.

  3. Fig. 2.9 MAGMA

  4. IGNEOUS Crystallization MAGMA

  5. What is Crystallization? • Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. • Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. • The minerals can form crystals when they cool. • can form underground, where the magma cools slowly (intrusive) • can form above ground, where the magma cools quickly(extrusive)

  6. What is Uplift and Burial? • Plate tectonics: Earth’s crust is divided into 8 large movable plates that collide into each other (form mountains) and move away from each other (form basins) • Uplift- rock pushed toward earth’s surface due to two plates colliding • Burial-rock forced downward due to two plates separating from each other.

  7. IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization MAGMA

  8. Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization MAGMA

  9. Weathering Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA

  10. SEDIMENT SEDIMENT Weathering Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA

  11. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY Crystallization Uplift MAGMA

  12. What is Weathering? • Weathering: Breakdown of materials in the Earth’s crust into sediment • By means of rain water, extremes of temperature, and biological activity • 3 Types: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

  13. What is Erosion? • Erosion: weathered rock is carried away by gravity, water, wind, and ice • Erosion and weathering are greatly impacted by the water cycle • Transport: refers to the processes by which the sediment is moved along – for example, pebbles rolled along a river-bed or sea shore, sand grains whipped up by the wind, salts carried in solution.

  14. Erosion by wind • Erosion by gravity

  15. The Difference • Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved elsewhere by wind, water or ice. • Weathering involves no moving agent of transport. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyysL02ZvQ8

  16. What is Deposition? • Deposition :is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice. • Sediment can be transported as pebbles, sand & mud, or as salts dissolved in water. • Salts may later be deposited by organic activity (e.g. as sea-shells) or by evaporation.

  17. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY Crystallization Uplift MAGMA

  18. What is Compaction? • Compaction: when sediments are deeply buried, placing them under pressure because of the weight of overlying layers. This squashes the grains together more tightly.

  19. What is Cementation? • Cementation: new minerals stick the grains together – just as cement (from a bag) binds sand grains in a bricklayer’s mortar. • Common cementing minerals are calcite (CaCO3), silica (SiO2), iron oxides and clay minerals.

  20. What is Lithification? • process or processes by which unconsolidated materials are converted into coherent solid rock, as by compaction or cementation.

  21. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Burial Uplift MAGMA

  22. What is Metamorphism? • process where rocks are altered due to pressure and/or heat, changing their appearance (texture and mineral composition) entirely. • Pressure from being buried in earth • Heat from inner parts of earth

  23. All rock can be heated • Inside Earth there is heat from pressure (push your hands together very hard and feel the heat). • There is heat from friction (rub your hands together and feel the heat). • There is also heat from radioactive decay (the process that gives us nuclear power plants that make electricity).

  24. What does heat do to rock? • Baked rock does not melt, but it does change. It forms crystals. If it has crystals already, it forms larger crystals. • Because this rock changes, it is called metamorphic. • occur in rock when they are heated to 300 to 700 degrees Celsius

  25. Metamorphic rocks are mostly formed beneath mountain ranges where rocks are deeply buried (10 km or more) and squashed by movements of the Earth’s crust (plates colliding). • This is called Regional Metamorphism because large regions of rock are affected.

  26. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Can you see any shortcuts? SEDIMENTARY Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA

  27. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA

  28. In Conclusion… • The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups • It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth • As well as earth’s momentum and… • The energy from the sun • It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior • It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”.

  29. Erosion SEDIMENT Weathering Transport Deposition Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENTARY Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA

More Related