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Question of the Day DEC 20

Question of the Day DEC 20. A nucleotide does not contain A. a 5-C sugar B. polymerase C. a nitrogenous base D. a phosphate group. DO NOW DEC 20. How is genetic information stored within our cells?. DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 20. Humans have 46 chromosomes.

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Question of the Day DEC 20

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  1. Question of the Day DEC 20 • A nucleotide does not contain • A. a 5-C sugar • B. polymerase • C. a nitrogenous base • D. a phosphate group

  2. DO NOW DEC 20 • How is genetic information stored within our cells?

  3. DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 20 • Humans have 46 chromosomes. • Chromosomes are made of DNA. • Each chromosome contains genes that code for specific traits. • Genetic Blueprints.

  4. AGENDA Dec 20 • Big Question: What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA? • 1. DO NOW • 2. The discovery of DNA • 3. Early Experiments • 4. Closing Thoughts and Review • 5. HOMEWORK: READ Section 12-2 and Guided Reading Questions

  5. Decoding our Genes • We use letters, punctuation, and symbols to form words, write, and communicate. • salalekcyjna • What do these letters mean?

  6. Decoding our Genes • “Class room” in Polish • Words do not have meaning to us unless we can understand the language.

  7. Question of the DAY DEC 23 • In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the • A. ribosomes • B. nucleus • C. cytoplasm • D. mitochondria

  8. AGENDA Dec 23 • Big Question: What did scientists discover about existence of DNA? • 1. Question of the DAY • 2. The discovery of DNA • 3. Early Experiments • 4. PRESENTATIONS • 5. Closing Thoughts and Review

  9. The Universal Language of Life • In this chapter, we will explore… • Early scientific research leading to the discovery of DNA. • The processes responsible for copying DNA and protein synthesis. • Replication • Transcription • Translation

  10. Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

  11. 12-1: Discovering DNA • Frederick Griffith (1928) • tried to find better ways to fight pneumonia • isolated 2 types of bacteria that cause pneumonia • smooth: deadly form • rough: nondeadly form

  12. Griffith’s Experiment • R-strain (Rough): Nonvirulent • S-strain (Smooth): Virulent • Heat Killed S-Strain: Nonvirulent • R-strain + Heat Killed S-strain: ???

  13. Griffith’s Results

  14. What killed the mouse? • Why did the R-strain and heat killed S-strain combination kill the mouse?

  15. Transformation • when one type of bacteria is changed into another • realized some molecule changed harmless rough bacteria into deadly smooth bacteria

  16. Question of the DAY Jan 2 • The process that changes one strain of bacteria into another strain is called • A. Transcription • B. Translation • C. Transformation • D. Replication

  17. DO NOW Jan 2 • Cross a heterozygous long clawed, homozygous dominant spotted coat jaguar with a short clawed, black coat jaguar. • What are the chances of having a short-clawed, spotted coat jaguar? • SAMPLE TEST Question • 4 minutes to solve this problem. GO!

  18. DO NOW Answer Jan 2

  19. AGENDA Jan 2 • BIG Question: What is the relationship between genes and DNA? • 1. Question and DO NOW • 2. Finish Section 12-1 History of DNA/Experiments • 3. Critical Thinking Response • 4. Review and HOMEWORK: Guided Reading Packet 12-2 • 5. History of DNA Quiz on MONDAY Jan 6

  20. wanted to find out which molecule caused transformation found transformation was blocked when DNA was destroyed concluded genes are made up of DNA Oswald Avery (1944)

  21. DNA is the Transforming Factor • Avery’s Experiment • Treated the R-strain and heat killed S-strain bacteria with enzymes designed to destroy proteins and DNA. • Proteins were destroyed → mouse died • DNA was destroyed → mouse lived

  22. used bacteriophages: type of virus that infects bacteria contains protein and DNA used radioactive isotopes Hershey and Chase (1952)

  23. Hershey and Chase’s Results • used radioactive isotopes to label the DNA and protein in a bacteriophage • labeled DNA with phosphorus-32 • labeled protein with sulfur-35 • allowed bacteriophage to infect a bacterium • found bacterium was made radioactive by phosphorus-32 • concluded genetic material of bacteriophage must be DNA

  24. Hershey and Chase

  25. Hershey and Chase Animation • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio21.swf::Hershey%20and%20Chase%20Experiment

  26. Chapter 12-1: Quiz Jan 6 • History of DNA QUIZ • You have 15 minutes to complete the quiz.

  27. AGENDA Jan 6 • Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA? • 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW • 2. Structure of DNA • 3. Review chromatin and chromosomes • 4. Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick • 5. Closing Thoughts and Review

  28. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid made of polymers of nucleotides, which have three parts phosphate group nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose 12-2: DNA Structure and Replication

  29. genetic information is on chromosomes chromosomes made up of chromatin chromatin consists of DNA and protein histones: class of proteins that bind directly to DNA form tiny particles called nucleosomes help to unfold and package DNA DNA and Chromosomes

  30. Types of Nucleotides • adenine (A) • cytosine (C) • guanine (G) • thymine (T) • nucleotides are different because of the base they contain

  31. Chargaff’s Rules (1950) • amounts of adenine and thymine were the same • amounts of cytosine and guanine were the same

  32. Rosalind Franklin (1951) • used x-ray diffraction: when an x-ray beam is aimed at a sample and is then scattered and recorded on film • unlocked clues to DNA structure

  33. Rosalind FranklinThe Unsung Hero • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6k1jpQIlEU

  34. created a model for the structure of DNA contained two strands twisted like a helix double helix bonds between nitrogenous bases hold strands together base pairs A-T C-G strands are complimentary Watson and Crick

  35. Question of the DAY Jan 7 • Hershey and Chase labeled proteins of bacteriophages with • A. Phosphorus 32 • B. Phosphorus 35 • C. Sulfur 32 • D. Sulfur 35

  36. DO NOW Jan 7 • How are our cells similar to a library?

  37. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 7 • Our cells store genetic information in our chromosomes. • Chromosomes are similar to bookshelves. • The genes found on our chromosomes are like books on a shelf. • Each gene is organized on a specific chromosome. • Information on genes are read by the cell much like we would read a book.

  38. AGENDA Jan 7 • Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA? • 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW • 2. Hand in your homework • 3. Franklin, Watson, and Crick • 4. DNA Replication • 5. Closing Thoughts and Review

  39. Replication • Process in which DNA is copied • Molecule separates into two strands. • Each template strand produces a new complementary strand. • Requires DNA Polymerase

  40. DNA Replication • Double helix structure explained how DNA is copied. • Each strand contains all of the information needed to construct the other half. • Rules of base pairing: A = T • G = C

  41. DNA Polymerase • Enzyme that joins individual nucleotides together to produce a DNA molecule. • “Proofreads” new DNA strands for errors. • Copy the following strand of DNA • ATTCGGTGA

  42. Question of the DAY Jan 8 • Which pair of molecules are necessary for DNA replication? • A. Rubisco and Chlorophyll • B. Helicase and RNA Polymerase • C. DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase • D. DNA Polymerase and Helicase

  43. DO NOW Jan 8 • Explain how 6 feet of DNA can be packed into the nucleus of a microscopic cell.

  44. DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 8 • DNA is packed into our cells as chromatin. • Special proteins called histones bind to the DNA molecules. • Particles called nucleosomes are formed with histones which help to tightly coil up DNA…. Supercoiling

  45. AGENDA Jan 8 • 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW • 2. Finish Creating your Code Activity • Work on Guided reading Packet 12-2 • 3. What is RNA? Section 12-3 • 4. Transcription • 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

  46. DNA Replication • A DNA molecule has 2 strands. • 5 - 3 strand • 3 - 5 strand • Each new strand copied is complementary to its parent (template) strand.

  47. Replication in Organisms PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Occurs in many different places along DNA molecule Proceeds in two directions Copies entire chromosome In what part of the cell does replication occur? • Starts at a single point • Two directions • Copies entire chromosome • In what part of the cell does replication occur?

  48. decodes the genetic information in DNA also a nucleic acid differs from DNA in 3 ways sugar is ribose single-stranded contains uracil (U) instead of thymine 12-3: RNA

  49. process by which mRNA molecules are made DNA is a template for mRNA RNA polymerase: an enzyme that binds directly to a molecule of DNA produces a strand of RNA AACT  UUGA begins and stops transcription at special start and stop sequences on the DNA Transcription

  50. Question of the DAY Jan 9 • During DNA Replication, a template strand is also known as a • A. complementary strand • B. copied strand • C. sister strand • D. parent strand

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