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5 Paragraph Essay:

5 Paragraph Essay:. “Who was Julius Caesar?” Use the T-chart to identify examples of times you would identify Caesar as a HERO and time you would categorize him as a VILLAIN!. The Rise of Caesar & The Making of Rome’s Empire . Uprisings throughout the Republic . I am Spartacus!.

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5 Paragraph Essay:

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  1. 5 Paragraph Essay: • “Who was Julius Caesar?” • Use the T-chart to identify examples of times you would identify Caesar as a HERO and time you would categorize him as a VILLAIN!

  2. The Rise of Caesar & The Making of Rome’s Empire

  3. Uprisings throughout the Republic I am Spartacus! • By 120 B.C.E. • Plebeians revolt; try to gain control of land • Consuls did not respect one another • Generals gathered private armies • Chaos • 73-71 B.C.E.- Slave revolt led by gladiator Spartacus • Estimated that of the 6million people on the peninsula 2 million were slaves • Marcus Crassus puts down Spartacus' revolt

  4. Julius Caesar: Brief Bio • Patrician; married Cornelia thereby linking him to a political family that was “on the outs” • Flees to Asia and returns after the ruling party • Becomes: • Quaestar – financial administrator • Aedile – organizes public games (debt!) • Pontifexmaximus – high priest of Roman state religion • Praetor – judge or magistrate • Governor in Spain • Consul

  5. The First Triumvirate • 60 B. C. E.- Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed an alliance that became the First Triumvirate • A government by three people with equal power • Crassus – known as the richest man in Rome • Pompey – hero of successful military command in Spain • Julius Caesar – military commander in Spain

  6. Crassus Some may say I’m crass…but the bling gets the ladies!

  7. Pompey ? ? ? Who’s my celeb look-a-like?

  8. Julius Caesar The Caesar salad was name for me…not him!

  9. The First Triumvirate • After forming the First Triumvirate, each focused on expanding Rome through military pursuits in the following: • Crassus – Syria • Killed in battle in 53 B.C. • Pompey- Spain • Caesar- Gaul and Illyria

  10. The First Triumvirate • 58-51 B.C.E- Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (France) and moved north into Britain • Soldiers fiercely loyal to him • Caesar went back to Rome to seize power • After death of Crassus, Pompey is fearful, aligns himself with Senate in hopes to overpower Caesar • Caesar is told to disband his army • Refused, and illegally crosses Rubicon River

  11. The Rubicon River

  12. Just across the river men… I crossed the Rubicon with Caesar and all I got was this stupid shirt

  13. Caesar Takes Control • 49 B.C.E. – Marches into Rome and began civil war with Pompey • 49-45 B.C.E. – Caesar wins civil war; Pompey flees to Egypt where he is killed by Pharaoh Ptolemy • Caesar encounters Queen Cleopatra; she needs his political support and he needs her money • 45-44 B.C.E. – Caesar declares himself dictator for life

  14. Caesar’s Reforms • Granted citizenship to all free people living within any Roman territory. • Helped to limit slavery by ordering landowners to hire workers rather than use slaves. • This made him very unpopular with the rich • He provided land for retired soldiers. • He started public works like the building of roads; gave jobs to unemployed

  15. Caesar’s Reforms • He made public events free to the people. • He doubled the size of the Senate • He opened the Senate to Middle Class business owners. • He adopted new Calendar: Julian Calendar

  16. Beware the Ides of March • Caesar begins growing strong even making his former friends leery that he would lead to Roman monarchy again • Sixty men conspire to assassinate him • March 15th 44BCE • Stabbed and killed by senators at the Theater of Pompey. • Died at the bottom of the statue of his rival, Pompey. • Citizens of Rome were not happy about losing their strong, forceful dictator • Rioted and burned the senate house.

  17. Revenge is sweet! April Fools? No! Ides of March!

  18. “Veni, Vidi, Vici“ I came, I saw, I conquered And then I died! I hate when that happens! • What were Caesar’s good qualities or characteristics? • What were Caesar’s bad qualities or characteristics? • Who supported Caesar? • Who was against Caesar? • How did Caesar justify his actions? • How does history portray Caesar?

  19. So What Happened Next?!? • Caesar is dead and Rome is in Chaos!!!

  20. Marc Antony • Julius Caesar’s BFF; Caesar was his mother’s cousin • Takes the consulship • Asked for conspirators to be pardoned (Brutus & Cassius) • Public funeral for Caesar and read will • Gardens in the city left to poor • Granted money to every Roman citizen • Mob went wild Me you fools! No, no, no…NOT ME!!!

  21. Octavian • Julius Caesar’s great nephew • Adopted posthumously through Caesar’s will • 18 years old and in Greece at the time of Caesar’s death • Finds out he is Caesar’s chief heir…woah! Dude!

  22. Hmmmm…this is even BETTER! I can manipulate him! What?!? How dare he make that pipsqueak his heir…

  23. Octavian • Claimed what was his • Issued a call to arms of his father’s veteran’s; soldiers came to his aid • Antony fled to Gaul to round up legions • Senate thought they could control Octavian too • Make him a senator • Octavian smarter than senate!

  24. Octavian • Octavian struck first against the Senate: • Occupied Rome with his army • Forced them to revoke amnesty for Brutus and Cassius • Then strikes against Antony in Gaul and defeats him • Negotiates alliance • Pulled-in Lepidus, a wealthy Roman statesman

  25. The Second Triumvirate • Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus • Sealed the deal with marriage: Antony married Octavian’s sister (although…he still had another lady – more on that later!) • Turned attention to Senate • Forced the Senate to grant all three men consular positions for five years • Antony -Gaul • Lepidus- Spain • Octavian- Africa and Sicily

  26. The Second Triumvirate • Instituted a round of proscriptions - 2,300 fled or died • Eliminate political enemies and strip them of their property • Octavian and Antony went to Greece to hunt down Brutus & Cassius • Met at Philippi; Octavian and Antony won • Brutus and Cassius committed suicide

  27. The Second Triumvirate • Power divided regionally • Octavian controls the west (Gaul & Italia,) • Antony controls the east (Greece, Asia, Syria) • Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa • Renewed triumvirate for another 5 years

  28. The Second Triumvirate And then there were two • In 35 Lepidus rebelled • Tries to seize Sicily for himself • Octavian wins over Lepidus’s troops, expels him from the triumvirate, and banishes him to southern Italy • Tensions rise between Octavian & Antony • Octavian commanded 45 legions and 500 warships • Antony had less, but not worried because he had something else…

  29. Egypt & Cleopatra • Antony thought Egypt would guarantee a victory • And…

  30. Cupid hit Antony and Cleopatra with his arrow. • One of the greatest love stories in history. Oh no, I’m still married to Octavia.

  31. Triumvirate Ends • Antony went too far…Rumors flying: • Starting a second Senate in Egypt • Declared Caesarionas Caesar's legal heir • Gave most of Rome’s eastern lands to Cleopatra • Arabia, Cyprus (copper mines), Sinai (turquoise mines), Armenia, North Africa (grain), ports of Phoenicia • Left his possessions to his children by Cleopatra • Wanted to be buried in Alexandria • Married Cleopatra in 32 BC before he divorced Octavia • Has Cleopatra’s sister, Arsinoe executed

  32. Note: All scenes featured in the following clip are from the 1963 film Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor…

  33. Cleopatra & Mark Antony

  34. Triumvirate Ends • Rome & Octavian FURIOUS! • Senate declares war on Cleopatra • Antony stripped of all his official power and labeled him as an outlaw and a traitor

  35. Yes dear…

  36. See that…I want it…all of it! As you wish…

  37. The Battle of Actium (Greece) • Antony less men and weaker army, but Cleopatra promised Egyptian navy and a naval victory • Antony and his fleet allowed themselves to get trapped in the harbor at Actium • Antony and Cleopatra fled; Octavian chased them • Eventually, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide when it was hopeless (Antony by sword, Cleopatra by asp!) • Octavian hunted down Cesarion (Cleopatra’s son by Caesar) and killed him

  38. Octavian’s vessels Cleopatra & Antony’s vessels

  39. The Battle Between Octavian & Antony

  40. The Battle of Actium I hope that chick was worth it!

  41. And the money poured in… • The last Egyptian pharaoh was now dead • Octavian took control of all Egypt • Personal possession; didn’t turn over to the Senate like before • Egypt’s wealth went into his own personal treasury • Thus we see the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire

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