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By: BG SBI3U

Stroke. By: BG SBI3U. Definition:. Stroke is damage to the brain or loss of brain function caused by the reduction of blood supply to the brain. Strokes occur either when an artery to the brain is blocked or an artery has burst. Ischemic Stroke:.

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By: BG SBI3U

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  1. Stroke By: BG SBI3U

  2. Definition: • Stroke is damage to the brain or loss of brain function caused by the reduction of blood supply to the brain. Strokes occur either when an artery to the brain is blocked or an artery has burst.

  3. Ischemic Stroke: • Occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. • Also occurs by a blood clot in the heart or other parts of the body.

  4. Hemorrhagic Stroke: • Occurs when blood vessels in the brain become weak and burst open causing blood to leak to the brain.

  5. History: • Mid-1600’s Jacob Wepfer discovered disrupted blood supply in the brains of people with apoplexy • arteries were blocked or there was massive bleeding into brain tissue. • 1920’s contrast angiography developed • 1940’s Indicator dilution technique used to measure cerebral flow metabolism. • 1950’s first carotid endarterectomy performed. • 1960’s Doppler ultrasonography developed.

  6. Hypertension found to be treatable risk factor for strokes. • 1970’s aspirin effective in preventing stroke. • CT and PET scan used to determine brain metabolism • 1980’s early aneurysm surgery improves outcome. • MRI introduced as diagnostic tool. • New drugs lesson risk of stroke. • Smoking cigarettes established as a major risk factor.

  7. treating isolated systolic hypertension in elderly reduces stroke risk. • 1990’s carotid endarterectomy clinically proven effective in preventing strokes. • Oral anticoagulants and aspirin are effective in atrial fibrillation. • tPA approved to treat stroke in first three hours.

  8. Interruption of blood supply to any part of the brain. Blood flow stopped longer than a few seconds. Blood clots obstruct carotid or cerebral artery. Embolus develops in the heart and travels to the brain. Aneurysm in cerebral artery may burst or leak. people who have experienced one or more temporary blockages in an artery. Family history of strokes. Smoking and alcohol abuse. Risks of strokes increases with age. Causes:

  9. High blood pressure. Atrial fibrillation Diabetes Family history Heart diseases High cholesterol Increasing age Alcohol use Bleeding disorders Cocaine use Head injury All increase risk on bleeding into the brain causing a stroke Risks:

  10. Headache Change in alertness Changes in hearing Change in taste Clumsiness Confusion/loss of memory Difficulty swallowing Difficultly reading/writing Dizziness Abnormal sensation of movement Lack of control of bladder/bowels Loss of balance Loss of coordination Loss of consciousness Paralysis Muscle weakness in face, arm, leg usually on one side of the body Symptoms:

  11. Numbness or tingling on one side of body Personality, mood and emotional changes Problems with eyesight Sensation changes Trouble speaking, walking and understanding others Nausea and vomiting

  12. Preventions: • Don’t smoke • Eat low fat, low cholesterol and low salt diet • Regular exercise • Lose weight if you’re 20% overweight • No more than two alcoholic drinks a day • Hypertension treated aggressively • Check your blood pressure every 1-2 years

  13. Blood tests Physical and neurological exams Listen for abnormal sound called “bruit” which is caused by turbulent blood flow Check blood pressure CT and MRI scan of brain MRA or CT angiography Echocardiogram Electrocardiogram Spinal tap Cardiac ultrasound Angiogram of head Carotid duplex (ultra sound exam) Diagnosis:

  14. Blood thinners (heparin, warfarin) Pain killers for severe headaches Nutrients/fluids (given through vein or feeding tube in stomach) Physical, occupational, speech and swallowing therapy Thrombolytic (clot-dissolving) drugs given within 3 hours Long term therapy (antiplatelet medications) Emotional therapy Extensive disabilities may need a period of time in hospital rehabilitation or in home medical care. Treatments:

  15. Future Research: • New advances in imagining/rehabilitation show brain cells can compensate for function lost as a result of stroke • cells in an area of the brain are responsible for certain functions, after a stroke they die Ex.) an area of the brain is responsible for recognition but after a stroke, they are unable to recognize faces again because function in brain is dead. • Plasticity of the brain and rewiring of neural connections makes it possible for part of the brain to change its function to take up the more important function of the disabled part. • Scientists are working to develop a new and better way for the brain to repair itself. • The research of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being used in stroke rehabilitation. This is a small magnetic current delivered to area of the brain to increase brain plasticity and speed up the recovery after stroke. • This device is a small coil placed outside area of head needing stimulations. • Studies of TMS are if there is any value in increasing motor function and improving functional recovery.

  16. Reference Page: • Kane,W.M.(2002).Stroke.Health Matters Diseases and disabling conditions(volume 8,pp.139). Danbury, Connecticut:Grulier educational. • Margolis.S.(2004).The Johns Hopkins Complete home guide to Symptoms and Remedies:Stroke. New York,NY: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers,inc. • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.(2011).Stroke:Hope Through Research.April 30,2011, http://www.ninds.nih.gov • PubMed Health.(2011).Stroke.April 30,2011, http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov • UpState University Hospital.(2006).History of Stroke.April 29,2011, http://www.upstate.edu

  17. Picture References: • Picture 1: http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.3484151/k.7916/Stroke__Ischemic_stroke.htm • Picture 2: http://www.metrolic.com/why-do-people-have-strokes-104574/

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