Perkembangan Pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir

1. Perkembangan Pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir “Tempat yang dicari dan terbebankan…….” Triarko Nurlambang Dept. Geografi FMIPA UI 2009

2. Outline bahankuliah • Karakteristik Wilayah Pesisir sebagai tempat permukiman • Pertumbuhan pesat pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir • Permasalahan dalam pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir • Alternatif pemecahan masalah Pembangunan Wilayah • Pesisir dari perspektif Ruang (Spatial) dan studi kasus

3. Karakteristik Wilayah Pesisirsebagaitempatpermukiman

4. Shores and Coastal Processes • Shorelines are places where bodies of water meet dry land • Coasts are landward of ocean shorelines • Beach: a narrow strip of land, washed by waves or tides . • Ordinary Waves are caused by WIND • Waves are produced when wind drag causes the surface water of oceans/lakes to rise and fall - Waves get refracted on approaching shoreline

5. Typical Coast

7. KOMPLEKSITAS PERMASALAHAN DI WILAYAH PESISIR operasi kapal asing di perairan ZEEI operasi kapal asing di perairan teritorial penggundulan hutan dan erosi limbah pertanian penambangan pasir penimbunan unsur kimia dari pertanian akses terbuka overfishing padat tangkap limbah RT peracunan ikan peracunan ikan pertumbuhan penduduk di wilayah pesiisr pengeboman ikan Sampah pelabuhan alat tangkap yg. merusak: trawl dasar, drift nets dan jaring halus polusi dampak industri rusaknya habitat dan benih ikan kepadatan penduduk limbah budidaya ikan reklamasi dan pengembangan pantai ( DENR, 2001)

8. COASTAL FACTS • The oceans cover 70 per cent of the planet’s surface area and marine and coastal environments contain diverse habitats that support an abundance of marine life; coastal zones account for 20 per cent of the world’s land area • Coral reef ecosystems are increasingly being degraded and destroyed worldwide by a variety of human activities and by global warming The oceans cover 70 percent of the planet’s surface area and • Global harvests for marine fisheries have been above 80 million tonnes per year since the latter half of the 1980s, with peak of 87 million tonnes in 1997 and 2000 • Mangroves extend over 18 million hectares (44 million acres) worldwide, covering a quarter of the world’s tropical coastlines UNEP-CBD 2005; GEO Year Book 2006; UNEP 2005

9. Jalur Maritim dan Lokasi Strategis

10. Jalur Perdagangan Dunia, 1400-1800 Baltic Central Asia Western Europe North America China Hormuz Havana Canton Mexico India Pacific Ocean Aden West Africa Caribbean Manila Pacific Ocean East Africa Malacca Aceh Southeast Asia Indian Ocean Peru Brazil Atlantic Ocean Trade Route Dominant Capital Flow

11. Perkembangan kota

12. Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System 1 2 Core Periphery Periphery 3 4

13. Corridor Development B A C D E F

14. Modal Corridors Maritime Corridor Land Corridor Air Corridor Fluvial Corridor Articulation point (port, airport rail terminal) City Maritime corridor Road and rail link Fluvial corridor Air corridor

15. This area is devoted to the study of whole systems. Nature is a whole system. But also an economy, a family, a company, a community, or many other things, can be looked at as whole systems. A whole system view would include all the factors involved and examine how they relate to each other and how they work as a whole. To deal with a whole system we can't leave anything out as irrelevant. Intuition is as important as rationality, we must address both scientific and artistic approaches, both material and spiritual needs, the small as well as the big, what we feel as well as what we think, what we perceive as well as what we imagine. Whole systems are dynamic, they change they move, they develop. Frozen pictures of how things are supposed to be might do us no good, we need to deal with the live systems, whichever surprising directions that might take us in. There is no one authority in the field of whole systems. Luckily nobody has monopolized it by putting it into a standard curriculum defining what it IS. So, we all have the opportunity to discover together what whole systems are about.

17. PertumbuhanPesatdanPermasalahan Yang timbuldi Wilayah Pesisir

18. Shrimp farms replacing mangroves in Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras 1987-1999: shrimp farms and ponds have mushroomed, carpeting the landscape around the Gulf of Fonseca, in blocks of blue and black shapes

19. Loss of Mangrove in Ecuador’s largest seaport - Gulf of Guayaquil 1985-2000: Loss of mangrove; aquaculture grew 30 percent in a 15-year period

20. Dramatic changes in Huang He Delta, China Images show the mouth of the Yellow River and the emergence of a huge parrot-headed peninsula • 1979-2000: Huang He’s yellow color is the result of huge loads of sediments

21. Changes in Huang He Delta, China • From 1989 to 1995 the Yellow River delta area grew • From 1995 to 2000 the Yellow River delta area shrank Credit: NASA Earth Observatory

22. Replacement of mangroves by aquaculture in Thon Buri, Thailand • 1973-1978: Area is caught in the battle between needs of people versus the welfare of the coastal areas • 2002: Shows extensive aquaculture ponds (blue patches inland)

23. Sundarban: Largest mangrove forest of the world, India/Bangladesh Forest degradation has been occurring in many parts of Sundarbans Shrimp farming is a major threat to mangrove forests

24. Impact of flooding in Phnom Penh, Cambodia These images show the extent of flooding and extensive ditches and canals used for irrigation • 2000: Taken during the period of flooding • 2001: Taken after the flood waters had receded

25. Land reclamation changes along Isahaya Bay, Japan • 1993: Turning tidal lands into farmlands • 2001: The straight line of the sea wall is visible • 2003: The area has been fully reclaimed from the sea

26. Coastal vegetation change along Knife River Delta, Canada • 1973: Impact of snow geese on coastal vegetation • 1996: Overgrazing has turned the shoreline into an enormous mudflat

27. Transformation of Ijsselmeer The Netherlands These images show the transformation of polders (areas of reclaimed land) into useable farming land • 1973-2004: lighter blue water is the Markermeer – buffer against floodwaters • 2004: this area of reclaimed land was covered with farms

28. KONDISI KAWASAN PANTURA JAKARTA Slum Area Kemacetan Hutan bakau Kampung Nelayan Abrasi Pelabuhan ikan Endapan sampah

29. Global Warming may caused sea level rise. It is predicted that by 2050 Tanjung Priok Port and Pantai Indah Kapuk Real Estate in northern part of Jakarta will be sank.

30. Alternatifpembangunan Wilayah PesisirdilihatdariPerspektif Spatial/ Ruang

31. General Motivation… ICZM and GIS • Integrated Coastal zone management (ICZM) requires robust geospatial information to be effective • Particularly for nearshore areas… land development impacts surface water runoff in watersheds that drain into coastal waters • ICZM is a multi-stakeholder process that can make use of geographic information systems (GIS) • Using GIS can help develop a shared insight about problems, challenges and solutions about how to management coastal resources

33. Zone A Zone B

34. WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ?

35. WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ? Spatial planning provides a spatial/geographic and temporal context for the implementation of policies developed. It uses planning systems to provide decision support. This provides clear spatial context for: • Proactive not reactive management ‐ enabling planning ahead; • Resource use ‐ allowing multiple resource use where practicable: e.g. wind farms and biodiversity conservation in the same parts of sea; • Management of areas of sea using plans and other decision support methods (carrying capacity); • Reducing conflicts: reducing conflict ‐ saves time, money and duplication of effort (and therefore more time to be proactive). Increases certainty for developers. Increases stakeholder participation; • Map constraints and opportunities to deliver sustainable solutions/management; • Consents (agreement) ‐ spatial planning provides the spatial/geographic context to the process of consenting; planning and resource allocation for developers; and • Effective environmental / sustainability management and context of particular sectoral activities and projects throughout their life cycle within the given area.

36. WHY SPATIAL PLANNING ? In general terms, the objectives for a regional marine spatial plan could be to: (a) Develop a shared understanding and appreciation of the characteristics of the region through assessing the current knowledge of its: • Biological and physical characteristics; • Community and cultural values; • Current uses and pressures; • Future uses and opportunities; • Value of marine resources; • Threats to the natural system; and • Management and institutional arrangements. (b) Design a Regional Sea Plan that is a decision‐making and planning framework for management across sectors that: • Identifies shared values of the region, including environmental, economic, social and cultural values; • Identifies new information needed; • Integrates resource management on an ecosystem basis; • Identifies the methods for assessing performance; • Is adaptive to changing conditions and improved knowledge; and • Adds value to existing management arrangements. (c) Use the shared values of the Region to guide development of economic, social and conservation opportunities. (d) Accommodate community needs and aspirations by encouraging involvement and being inclusive, fair and transparent at all stages of the Plan. Source: Based on objectives outlined in the RSPB OSPAR paper Version 2 and Robert Canning (Defra). Studi kasus ICMZ

37. Case Study: Community Motivation… Revitalizing Puget Sound • Puget Sound is the 2nd largest estuary in the U.S. • In 2005, WA State Governor Gregoire established the Puget Sound Partnership (PSP) for Nearshore Restoration, and in 2007 the larger PSP became a state agency. • Goal of the Puget Sound Partnership (2006, p.10) is to “…ensure that Puget Sound forever will be a thriving natural system, with marine and freshwaters, healthy and abundant native species”. • Goal of the Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership (2006, p.1) is to “identify significant ecosystem problems, evaluate potential solutions, and restore and preserve critical nearshore habitat.” • Overall revitalization activity expected to last until 2020, and will cost several billion dollars

38. Puget Sound Nearshore as a basis for data community …area of marine and estuarine shoreline extending approximately 2,500 miles from the Canadian border, throughout Puget Sound and out the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Neah Bay.

39. Nearshore – 2500 miles of shore Puget Sound (dilafalkan /ˈpjuːʤɪt/) adalah teluk besar sebagai kepanjangan Samudera Pasifik, terbentang antara Danau Washington hingga Samudera Pasifik di barat laut Seattle, Washington.

40. What is at issue with the PS Nearshore? • The integrity of the nearshore ecosystem is in jeopardy. • Nine of the ten species listed as endangered or threatened within the Puget Sound region inhabit the nearshore. • Pollution in parts of Puget Sound has caused lesions and tumors in flatfish eaten by eagles, seals, birds, and porpoises. • Urban and suburban developments along the Puget Sound shoreline have taken away critical shoreline, and estuarine and nearshore habitats. • Changes in the physical processes include limiting food and nutrient sources for marine life, deteriorating beach sediment movement, and altering the flows of surface and groundwater.

41. Data modeling assists learning about ICZM and GIS • Conceptual, logical, physical data modeling is useful for learning about how to represent coastal features associated with water flow from watersheds into estuarine ecosystems – a core issue in previous described problems • Focus on a nearshore coastal data model to address Puget Sound Partnership concerns

42. Developing a data model… • Everyone has a mental model of the problem • Data models help scaffold our mental models • Fully articulated data model consists of three components (Codd 1981): • geospatial constructs for structuring data, • operations that can be performed on those structures to derive information from the data, and • rules for maintaining the integrity of data.

43. Developing a Coastal Data Model through information integration • Goal: Develop an overall “conceptual data schema” - a collection of feature classes and potential relationships that form the core of a PS nearshore database design • Information integration involves identifying, comparing, contrasting, synthesizing feature classes • Three steps in the method used… • each used a different source of “community knowledge” knowledge to perform integration analysis

44. Integration Analysis - Three Steps • Step 1 - integrate watershed data (ArcHydro Data Model) and marine data (ArcMarine Data Model) • Step 2 - identify coastal feature classes described within a textbook reader about coastal zone management and add them to the feature class list for the coastal data model. • Step 3 - use recommendations from Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership report to further contextualize the coastal data model • Knowledge from a different “community of practice” associated with each step…and integrated into an overall data model

45. Step 1 - Using ArcHydro and ArcMarine Data Models • ArcHydro Data Model describes geospatial and temporal data about surface water resource features in watersheds (Whiteaker, Schneider, Maidment 2001) • Addresses principal water resource features on a landscape • Describes how water moves from feature to feature through multiple connective networks and channels over time • ArcMarine Data Model provides integration of important features of the ocean marine realm, both natural and human-made (Wright 2006) • Considers how marine and coastal data can be most effectively integrated within 4D space-time; that is the multidimensional and dynamic nature of ocean data and processes

46. Step 1 Results – Data Models(See table 1 in reading)

47. Step 2 - Feature Classes from a Coastal Zone Management Book • Collection of feature classes and several attributes compiled from a text reader about coastal zone management • Another form of expert knowledge (Coastal Zone Management - Beatley, Brower, and Schwab 2002 published by Island Press) • Authors of a textbook are themselves experts in a topic, and that topic is peer reviewed by other experts familiar with the topic

48. Step 2 Results - CZM feature classes(see table 2 in reading) • Barrier Islands • Estuaries • Coastal Marshes • Coral Reefs • Rocky Shores • Bluffs • Tides (dynamic, temporal) • Currents • Wind (Currents/Patterns) • Erosion and Accretion • Pollution and Toxic Contaminants • Wetlands (Protected/Unprotected) • Habitats – endangered species • Land use and zoning of areas • Building code • Soil Composition/make-up • Catch Basins/ catchments • Watershed areas • Streams/Rivers/Water Flow • Ports – Freight and Passenger • Ferry Systems/Water Taxi • Continental Shelf/Slope • Water Depth/Slope • Land Cover – (e.g. Beach/Dunes) • Present Buildings/Structures • Infrastructure (on land, underneath)

49. Step 3Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership • On October 13th, 2006, the Puget Sound Partnership executive committee released recommendations for focusing efforts in the Puget Sound area • Recommendations are useful for… a) identifying fundamental theme for improving the health of Puget Sound, b) identifying features that can corroborate the list identified from reviewing Beatley, Brower, and Schwab (2002) as well as those in the integration of the ArcHydro and ArcMarine Data Models, and c) identifying primary and secondary processes that encourage a type of GIS data analysis to derive information as a basis for decision support to restore the Sound

50. Step 3 Results – Processes(see table 3 in reading; possible geog 460 final project topics) • Protect existing habitat and prevent further losses • Restore amount and quality of habitat; reduce fragmentation • Reduce toxics entering the Sound • Reduce pollution from human and animal wastes into the Sound • Promote and support new and existing treatment facilities • Improve water quality and habitat; managing stormwater runoff • Identify, prioritize, and implement retrofits where stormwater runoff is causing environmental harm; mitigation strategies • Provide water for people, fish and wildlife, and the environment • Protect ecosystem biodiversity and recover imperiled species • Implement existing recovery plans and create recovery programs for species at risk of extinction lacking current recovery plans