The Computer

1. The Computer • Gears and cams • Water powered factories • Printing press • Automata toys • Programmable (Jacquard) loom • 1890 US census tabulator • WWII & the Mark I

2. 14 BC – First reference to Hellenistic gearing system. • Vitruvius – “Machines that are rarely used.” • Was it high slave population of Greeks and Romans at this time? • Or, diminished need for multiple mills in a centralized imperial administration? Donkey powered grain mill

3. 250 AD – Roman imperial grain mills at Barbegal, Fr. • Built on hillside using eight sequential overshot water wheel grain mills. • Supplied all of Arles, France with grain.

4. The Overshot Water Wheel

5. 250-400 AD – Fall of Rome • After the “cash cow” Constantinople separated from the West. • The W. Empire forced to raise taxes to finance its huge bureaucracy. • The mills survived and were run by monasteries and the church.

6. The water powered cam • Invented 200-300 BC. First water powered reference in Alps. • This triggered the Medieval Industrial Revolution 900AD-1400AD. • Binary instruction; Yes/no, on/off, up/down, etc. • Used for mass production of beer, steel, paper, fulling-mills, etc.

7. Gears • Gears control speed like the gears in your automobile, bicycle or clock.

8. 1098 AD – Cistercians left the Benedict abbey. • Forming new abbeys ‘far from the haunts of men.’ • Instituted ‘lay brothers,’ & corporate culture. • Masters at making marginal land productive. • 530 such profitable abbeys established all over Europe in a period of 100 years. • Cistercian wool was the best available.

9. 11th Century – Horizontal loom to W. Europe. • This was much faster (using foot pedals) than the vertical loom of the time and made Flanders rich • Led to a shortage of hand spun wool.

10. Vertical & Horizontal Loom Vertical Loom Horizontal Loom

11. 1114 AD – Begin the Champagne Fairs • The first international center of exchange. • Letter of credit established. • Allows buyer and seller exchange of money through their respective banks.

12. Champagne Province is E. of Paris Map of France In 1326

13. 1280 AD – Introduction of spinning wheel • Increased spun wool in Flanders. • This led to a ten-fold increase in cloth production. • Go to http://www.joyofhandspinning.com/wheel-parts.html

14. 1300 AD – ‘Little Ice Age.’ • Grain harvests fell short • Uncertain weather • Widespread famine fostering a weakened state.

15. 1347 AD – The Black Plague in Europe • A Genoese galley carrying immigrants from Caffa spread the plague to Europe. • The cause of the disease was unknown at the time. It killed off 1/3 of Europe’s population in 3 years. • The Bubonic Plague is now known to be a bacterium carried by a flee on its host.

16. 1450 AD – Economic Boom • After the epidemic there was a tremendous economic boom resulting in much discarded linen • Discarded linen found use in making inexpensive high quality paper. • Scribes were too slow and costly. This triggered Gutenberg to make the printing press.

17. 1457 AD – 1st dated publication from press • This was a book of psalms. • The printed word increased communication dramatically. • Specialization of knowledge • Democratization of knowledge • Increased literacy • Easier to read • Increased accuracy, spelling and grammar

20. Aldus Manutius printed The Aldine Editions • The first pocket books. • Printed the classic Greek literature. These books were published in 1500

21. 18th Century – Bouchon’s programmable loom • First application of punched hole paper to act as instructions for silk pattern.

22. 1741 AD – Jacques de Vaucanson’s loom • In Lyons, France. Vaucanson, an automata maker improved the loom using a ratcheted hole punched cylinder with punched paper over it. • This threatened the weavers livelihoods.

23. 1805 – Jacquard loom • Jacquard made minor improvements to Vaucanson’s loom to, finally, an accepting public. • 1847 – Whole punched paper guides to control riveting machines for ship building

24. Jacquard Loom

25. 1880 – Herman Hollerith’s data processing. • John Billings, head of US health statistics department asked Herman Hollerith, an engineer, to make a tabulating machine for the 1890 census. • His punch card tabulating machine was used in the 1890 census. Cut time in half. • Hollerith is also know for starting International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

26. “The Next Pandemic” • 60% of 400 emerging diseases identified since 1940 are “zoonotic” – from animals. • From 50,000 known vertebrate species there may be 1MM unknown infectious viruses. • Once a virus become contagious between us >100MM may die before a vaccine is made • Worse case scenario is H5N1, the avian flu virus with a 60% kill rate.

27. “The Development of the Computer” • 1642 AD – Blaise Pacal’s mechanical adding machine. • This threatened clerks, so was not well received. • 1850 AD – D.D. Parmalee invented the ‘cash register.’ • 19th Century – Charles Babbage designed an “Analytical Engine.” Using punched cards, borrowed from the loom. • 1890 AD – Herman Hollerith’s punch card data processor and Hollerith Code.

28. Automatic Sequence Control Calculator “The Mark 1” • 1944 – Built at IBM for Harvard Univ. • Built to calculate cannon shell trajectories for the US Navy. • Weighed 5 tons carried 500 miles of wire and was very slow. • Used electromechanical switches

29. The Mark 1

30. The Eniac Computer • Eniac computer used vacuum tube switches • Edsac computer built in 1949 used binary code. • 1956 – the transistor replaced the cumbersome vacuum tube.

31. The Eniac Computer

32. The Edsac Computer Being Built

33. Binary Numbers • Each digit is based on 2n, where n is the column number • 24 23 22 21 20, etc. Where these numbers represent 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 respectively. • The number 1011 in binary code is equivalent to 8+0+2+1 = 11 in base 10. • The number 25 in base 10 code is equal to 11001 in binary code (16+8+0+0+1).

34. Binary Numbers 2n Value =8 =8+1=9 =8+2=10 =15 =27

35. Base 10 & Binary Equivalent

36. How does a water wheel work and what it was used for? What do gears and cams do? Compare the vertical & horizontal looms. Connection between mini-iceage and paper production. Weaving advances discussed during the 11-18th century Kinetic energy used for milling, grinding, sawing, etc. P89 #3-5 Control speed/power and binary instructions. P86-89 & slide #6 Foot pedals on horizontal. #8-9 Discarded linen #15 Slides #9,10,13 & 23-24 What you should know

37. How did the printing press affect the spread of knowledge? How was plaque spread? What is a fulling mill? Binary decimal Give the binary and decimal sum of binary 1011 + 1100 Pg. 104-106 & slides 16-17 A bacterium carried by a flea. Wool washing pg. 89 Readings pg. 11 & slides 33-34 10111 or 23 What you need to know