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Ch.28

Ch.28 . Global Crisis 1921-1941. Attempt to Keep Peace. Washington Conference Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan . Hoover & World Crisis . Economic crisis created extreme nationalism Weak leaders were replaced by powerful one’s World Disarmament Conference: Failed. Hoover and Latin America.

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Ch.28

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  1. Ch.28 Global Crisis 1921-1941

  2. Attempt to Keep Peace Washington Conference Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan

  3. Hoover & World Crisis Economic crisis created extreme nationalism Weak leaders were replaced by powerful one’s World Disarmament Conference: Failed

  4. Hoover and Latin America Hoover tried to repair relationship with Latin America (10 week good will tour) Hoover ended policies by Taft and Wilson 1)US troops left Nicaragua by 1933 2) Treaty to remove US troops from Haiti by 1934.

  5. US & Japan 1931 Japan marched into Manchuria. Violated “Open Door Policy” League of Nations did nothing Secretary of State Henry Stimson Stimson Doctrine- (9 Power Treaty) Refused to recognize this regime in Manchuria.

  6. FDR: Policies 1933-1938 Good-Neighbor Policy -Treat the Western Hemisphere like a good neighbor Inter-American Conference: “No state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another.” Cuba- Nullified Platt Amendment

  7. FDR Policies 1933-1938 Economic Diplomacy: Domestic economy focus of foreign policy. London Economic Conference(1933)- FDR’s Bombshell- Didn’t want to stabilize currency. Recognition of Soviet Union- For trade Philippines- Left the Philippines Reciprocal Trade Agreements- Lowered the tariff to improve foreign trade.

  8. Issues Abroad:Fascism and Militarism Italy:1922 Benito Mussolini began Italy’s first Fascist party Fascism- People should glorify the nation and their race by force. Germany: Nazi party led by Adolph Hitler. Fascist policy used toward the Jews. (1933) Japan: Militarists and Nationalists increased in power 1920-1930. Economic conditions worsened and Japan invaded China and SE Asia to gain more raw materials. -General Hideki Tojo war party leader would eventually take over.

  9. American Isolationists Public fearful of WWI Revisionist history: WWI- Gerald Nye investigated that WWI was connected to scandal with banks and manufactures. Neutrality Acts: -1935- Stop arms shipments , stop US citizens from travelling on ships of sketchy nations. -1936- No loans and credits to sketchy nations. -1937- No shipment of arms to either side in Spanish Civil War. “America First” Committee: Tried to prohibit going to war at all costs. Famous people join the cause.

  10. On the Brink of War Hitler, Italy, & Japan become very aggressive. Britain & France practice appeasement Ethiopia 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia. US & LN do nothing. FDR Quarantine Speech- Freaks Americans out. 2) Rhineland 1936-Western Germany: Hitler marched troops into Rhineland. 3) China 1937- Full scale war with Japan. US gunboat Panay bombed . 4)Hitler formed a union with Austria. 5) Sudetenland 1938-Hitler took Czechoslovakia. Munich Conference: Britain, France, Germany, & Italy met, let Hitler take Czech but make him promise no more aggression.

  11. Munich a failure Hitler continued and took all of Czechoslovakia. Threatens Poland, Britain and & France declare they will back Poland. Hitler invaded Poland Sep. 1, 1939. Axis: Germany, Italy, & Japan. Blitzkrieg- Germany’s intense and quick attack of planes and fast-moving tanks. *Germany quickly takes Scandinavia, France, Denmark, and Norway. GB the only ally left.

  12. US preparedness Still feared war, but also feared homeland attack. Slow increase in build-up for war. Cash and carry Selective Service Act (1940) Destroyers-for-bases deal

  13. FDR: New Tune“We must be the great arsenal of democracy” US security in jeopardy, build up military. Four Freedoms-Lend $ to Britain to buy US war materials. Lend-Lease Act- Lend a neighbor a garden hose. Atlantic Charter- FDR & Churchill meet and come up with peace objectives. Shoot-on-sight- German’s destroy the Greer, FDR orders to shoot German ships on sight. *Undeclared war with Germany.

  14. Issues with Japan 1940 Tripartite Pact Japan stayed aggressive, invaded Indochina, Vietnam, & soon Dutch Indies. -FDR cut off steel and scarp iron -1941- FDR froze all Japanese credits in US and cut off from oil. Compromise- Failed FDR and advisers knew Japan would attack, but guessed Philippines, Dutch East indies, or Malaya.

  15. Pearl Harbor Nov 25- US detected Japanese navy moving east in the direction of Hawaii. Another Japanese convoy was moving through China Sea: US paid attention to this!!! 7:55 a.m Sunday December 7, 1941 -Japanese bombers in 2 hours killed 2,400 Americans, wounded 1200, destroyed 20 warships and 150 airplanes. ****FDR to Congress “Yesterday, December 7, 1941– a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” Senate and House voted 388-1 for War with Japan 3 days later- Germany and Italy declared war on the US.

  16. WWII: The Home front

  17. Focus and Industry December 1941- Battlefront moving from Western Europe to the East. 1942-1945- Allies were Britain, US, and Soviet Union. Put most of their resources toward Europe and hold off on Pacific. Americans become extremely united in supporting the war. Industrial Production War Production Board (WPB)- Manage war industries. Office of War Mobilization (OWM)- Set production and control raw materials. Cost-Plus System ****Production in the US far exceeded that of the 1920’s*****

  18. Industry • Production ended the Depression and unemployment • 1944- US produced 2x more than all of the Axis. • Wages, Prices, and Rationing: Office of Price Administration (OPA) -Froze prices, wages, and rents & rationed important items. -Help prevent inflation. • Unions: Labor unions and corporations agreed not to strike during war. • OPA- Upset workers, John L. Lewis called for strikes. • Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943- Gave the gov. the power to take over a war-related business in danger from the strikes. • Financing the War: • Increased income tax (Automatically holding from a person’s check) • Selling War bonds

  19. Influence on American Society Tons of government $/resources sent to California, Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Defense factories in the South. African Americans- 1.5 leave the South for the North & West -Still faced discrimination & segregation. -Double V slogan, Victory over fascism and V for equality at home. -NAACP increased Mexican Americans- Over 300,000 joined the military. Many came to work seasonal harvest and factory jobs. Allowed to come into US for labor shortage. Zoot-Suit Riots- Many young Mexicans dressed in an attire offensive to whites, led to many rots in California. Native Americans – “Code Talkers” in the war, start taking jobs outside reservations, increase amt. of Natives in American society.

  20. Influence on American Society Japanese Americans- Japanese suffered the most discrimination. Pearl Harbor led to a lot of hatred 1942- Fears led the U.S Government to put 100,000 Japanese Americans in the West into internment camps. Korematsuv. US (1944) SC upheld internment policy. 1988- Government award financial compensation for wrongdoing. Women – Served in military, took jobs men use to have. Still paid less and usually given certain jobs. Rosie the Riveter – Illustrated women could do men’s work.

  21. Wartime Life and Culture Increase in marriage = increase in birth rate Huge absence of men More $ to spend: Books, theaters, music, radios, resorts hotels, casinos, and racetracks etc… Dance halls- Swing bands “Fighting for Prosperity”

  22. Fighting in Europe

  23. United States Impact Greatly increase production of all war materials. More men Hold off the Japanese Protection of the Sea

  24. Battlefronts in Europe Germans “high tide” was slowing by 1942. -Soviets win at Stalingrad British and Americans had 2 main objective in 1942 1)Overcome German submarines in the Atlantic 2) Bombing of German cities.

  25. Battlefront in Europe North Africa to Italy: Operation Torch (1942):General Dwight Eisenhower began attacking the Germans in North Africa. US & British then go after Mediterranean Island of Sicily Invade Italy next, push Mussolini into Northern Italy. Surrender in May 1945.

  26. D-day June 6, 1944: British, US, and Canadian forces attempt to liberate France. Drop off loads of men on Normandy beach. By August they liberated Paris September they moved to German border and off to Berlin. Battle of the Bulge: Last desperate attempt by Germans to counterattack in December 1944. US hold off

  27. Pacific Front

  28. The Pacific Front After Pearl Harbor, Japan also attacked Manila in the Philippines (American airfields) America left with little Pacific air power. Japan took over Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Korea, Philippines, Malaya, French Indochina. American Plan: 2 objectives General Douglas MacArthur: Move North from Australia, New Guinea, and finally the Philippines Admiral Chester Nimitz: Move West from Hawaii and to Japanese island outposts.

  29. Battle in the Pacific Island-hopping- Hop island to island until the US reached Japan. Battle of Coral Sea- US forced Japanese fleet to retreat. (Huge victory) Midway Island: -Huge turning point, 4 day battle -US lost 1 Aircraft carrier: Japan lost 4 Aircraft Carriers -US regained possession of the Pacific. Guadalcanal: American offensive attack. US pushed the Japanese out of the island. By 1943: US controlled the power of the Pacific.

  30. Pacific Offensive 1944: US began to gain major ground on Japanese US submarines destroyed Japanese shipping = Destroyed their economy. Battle of Leyte Gulf: (1944) -General MacArthur -Leyte Island in the Philippines -US invaded Japan who used almost all of their fleet. -3 encounters, largest naval fight in history -US withstood and sank 4 Japanese carriers. ****Severely weakens the Japanese abilities at sea.****

  31. Pacific Offensive • 1945: US took over Iwo Jima -Costliest single battle in history of Marine Corps. -20,000 causalities. • Okinawa: - 370 miles from Tokyo • Japanese held out strong • Sent kamikaze planes into American and British ships • Sent desperate attacks at night • Allies: 50,000 casualties and 100,000 Japanese deaths • June 1945: Okinawa was in the possession of the Allies

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