Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Vocab:

1. Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Vocab: Prehistory: the period of time before people began to write. Archaeology: The study of things that earlier people left behind. Artifact: A human-made object, especially from long ago; artifacts include art, clothing, pottery, tools and weapons. Fossil: The remains, such as bones, of humans and animals that were once alive. Theory: A proposed explanation about life. Hominid: Any member of different species with humanlike features. Paleolithic Era: The earliest period of the Stone Age. Migrate: To move from one place to another.

2. Chapter 1 Lesson 1The Distant Past What to Know: How do people today learn about the distant past?

3. You should be able to: • Describe what is known about the early humans through archaeological studies. • Tell about the achievements of scientists who have studied the ancient past.

4. Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Notes • The period of time before people began to write is called Prehistory. • One way we learn about ancient times is through Scientific Study. • The study of things that earlier people left behind is called Archaeology. • Archaeologists study the remains of ancient campsites, shelters and buildings. • The also learn from artifacts, or objects made by people, such as art, clothing, pottery, tools and weapons. • Some scientists study remains, like bones, called Fossils.

5. By comparing artifacts and fossils from different periods in history, scientists can develop theories about life in the past. QUESTION: What information can artifacts and fossils provide?

6. Answer: • The information artifacts and fossils are able to provide center around how early humans might have lived and what they might have looked like.

7. Excavating Sites: • Excavation Sites are areas where archaeologists dig up artifacts and fossils. • Sites include: -inside caves -near rivers -under present day villages or cities. Some sites are found after years of careful study or by chance!

8. Sites are divided into a grid of squares and each part of the plot is dug up separately to be able to keep track of where an article or fossil is found. -to removed dirt from around an artifact/fossil, scientists use shovels, brushes or small picks. -they are careful not to break or damage findings -clean, label and pack findings before sending them off to labs where scientists will perform tests on them to determine their age. -one test is called Radiocarbon Dating which can tell how much carbon remains in an object that was once alive. (when something dies, its radioactive carbons begins to decrease.) RAC Dating can only go back 40,000 years.

9. Question: How are sites of artifacts and fossils found?

10. Answer: • Sites of artifacts and fossils are found by careful research or by luck/chance!

11. Excavation Activity • You will be given a Rice Krispie Treat to use as your excavation site. • With a plastic knife, create a 3x3 grid on your treat site. • With a toothpick start excavation by examining the first quadrant. Keep track of your findings on your activity sheet.

12. African Beginnings: • Hominids are humans/species with humanlike characteristics. The earliest have been found in Africa suggesting human life may have started there. • Australopithecines are one of the earliest hominid groups which may have lived in Africa between 1-4.5 million years ago.

13. Comparison Chart

14. Donald Johanson • Johanson found a 20 year old, 4 foot tall female that became known as Lucy in 1974. She walked on two legs.

15. The Leakeys • Louis, Mary and Richard Leakey were archaeologists who found fossils of early hominids. • In 1959, they excavated a site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa. • Mary discovered Zinjanthropus boisei or Zinj. An Australopithecine who lived 1.7 million years ago. • This made Mary, an artist who illustrated other archaeological findings, a respected archaeologist herself.

16. Mary Douglas Nicol was born on February 6, 1913. Her father, Erskine Nicol, was a popular landscape artist, and Mary spent much of her childhood in Europe, especially in the Dordogne and at Les Eyzies, a region rich in prehistoric art and archaeological sites, topics in which Mary became interested. Her idyllic life was shattered in 1926 when her father, to whom she was exceptionally close, died, and Mary and her mother moved back to London. Attempts to give her some conventional education failed when the rebellious girl was expelled from two Catholic schools. In 1930 she began auditing archaeology and geology university courses, and she worked on archaeological digs and as a scientific illustrator. She met Louis Leakey in 1933 at Cambridge, and soon began an affair with him. On his next expedition to Africa, she arranged to meet him there. They were married in late 1936. She returned to Kenya with Louis the following year, and in the subsequent decades worked in many excavations. An important discovery of Mary's was the first fossil skull of the extinct Miocene primate Proconsul. Mary primarily worked as an archeologist rather than a physical anthropologist. • In 1959, Mary found the "Zinjanthropus" (Australopithecus boisei) fossil which was to propel the Leakey family to worldwide fame. From the mid-1960's, she lived almost full time at Olduvai Gorge, often alone, while Louis worked on other projects. She and Louis grew apart, partly because of his womanizing and partly because Louis was dividing his time between many other projects. In 1974, she commenced excavations at nearby Laetoli, and in 1976 her team found huge numbers of animal footprints that had been fossilized in ash deposited by a volcano. In 1978 they found what would be her greatest discovery, adjacent footprint tracks that had been left by two bipedal hominids. • In 1983, Mary retired from active fieldwork, moving to Nairobi from Olduvai Gorge, where she had lived for nearly 20 years. She died in 1996 at the age of eighty-three. Although it was Louis Leakey who was the more charismatic and well-known figure, Mary became a famous scientist in her own right. Although she had never earned a degree, by the end of her life she had received many honorary degrees and other awards. It is generally agreed that Mary was a better scientist, far more meticulous and cautious than the often reckless Louis. Her prodigious achievements in archaeology make her a giant in the field. • References • Leakey M.D. (1984): Disclosing the past. New York: Doubleday. (Mary Leakey's autobiography) • Morell V. (1995): Ancestral passions: the Leakey family and the quest for humankind's beginnings. New York: Simon & Schuster.

17. Lucy • How Lucy got her name: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKYjpetqYWI • Comparing Lucy to Humans of today: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xT8Np0gI1dI

18. A Conversation with Leakey and Johanson • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBZ8o-lmAsg

19. Early Hominids • The Homo Habilis, meaning “Handy Person,” lived in Africa 2.5 million years ago. (see tools above right) • The Paleolithic Era, Old Stone Age, began about 2.5 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. • Homo Erectus, meaning “Upright Person,” lived 1.9 million years ago in Kenya, Africa. (see photo bottom right)

20. Comparison Chart

21. Question: • In what ways did Homo Erectus use fire?

22. Answer: • Homo Erectus used fire for: • Cooking • Keeping animals away • warmth

23. ARDI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0ROl_Rw2g8#t=46

24. The Discovery of Australopithecus sediba • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YEiJVQdI-Q

25. Review Chapter 1 Lesson 1The Distant Past Can you answer: How do people today learn about the distant past?

26. You should be able to: • Describe what is known about the early humans through archaeological studies. • Tell about the achievements of scientists who have studied the ancient past.

27. Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Vocab: Humankind: The human race Technology: The proper application of knowledge to develop new tools or ways to make and do things. Adapt: To change to fit the surroundings. Environment: surroundings Extinct: No longer found on Earth Hunters and Gatherers: Members of Homo sapiens who spent many hours a day searching for food. Consequence: a result of an action.

28. Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Why did Early Humans move from Place to Place? You will be able to: -describe how early humans found food and shelter. -describe how early humans populated major regions of the world.

29. Add to Comparison Chart:

30. Question: • How was the Physical Development of early humans superior to that of early hominids?

31. Answer: • Early humans had more skill for hands and larger, rounder skulls.

32. Adapting to the Environment: • Early humans lived in groups of related family members, totalling around 30 people. • -Family included grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, children… • -adapted to new surroundings.

33. Shelters: • Shelters included caves and rock ledges or shelters out of dried mud, tree branches, etc.

34. Food-Gatherers • Women gathered wild grasses, nuts, seeds… • -dug up plant roots and picked fruit from bushes and trees to share with all members.

35. Food-Hunters • Men hunted wild animals that are now extinct such as: • Sloths • Saber-toothed cats • Wooly mammoths • Mastadons • They also hunted deer and bison, caught turtles, birds, reptiles and rodents. • (they used them for food and bones for tools).

38. Question: • How did early humans adapt to the environment?

39. Answer: • The early humans adapted to their environment by living in a variety of shelters, gathering different foods and hunting for animals to use as food and materials.

40. On the Move • Early humans were Hunters and Gatherers. • Spent many hours a day looking for food. • Always on the move which meant they had no permanent housing. • When the food left, they left also. • -ate plants within a day’s walking distance.

41. Question: • Why were Hunters and Gatherers always on the move?

42. Answer: • Hunters and Gatherers were always on the move because they moved as the weather or their food supply changed.

43. Moving across Continents • During the Ice Ages, glaciers formed and huge sheets of ice covered the Earth. • So much water was frozen that the ocean level dropped 300 feet causing bridges of dry land to be visible (seen) between continents.

44. Early People moved onto other Continents…

46. Add to Comparison Chart:

47. Neandrathal/Cro-Magnon

48. Describe the last Ice Age:

49. Map and Globe Skills Latitude: the distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude: the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Prime Meridian: the line that runs North and South through Greenwich, England (near London)

50. Chapter 1 Lesson 3 • What you should know: • Why did humans around the world develop different ways of life? • -identify the locations where early people were living during the later years of the last Ice Age. • -describe the ways in which these people adapted to a variety of environments.