Chapter 6 Spanish Settlement in Texas 1650-1800

1. Chapter 6Spanish Settlement in Texas1650-1800 Essential Questions Would the new world have been discovered without rivalry among the nations of Europe? Were the Spanish motivated by Gold, God, or Glory? To what extent were the French responsible for renewing Spain’s interest in Texas? What evidence can be found today that the Spanish left their mark on Texas?

2. Time Line • 1689 Fort St. Louis is abandoned • 1690 Mission San Francisco de los is Tejas established • 1716 Ramon expedition arrives in East Texas • 1718 San Antonio de Valero (Alamo) mission is established in San Antonio • 1729 Los Adaes becomes 1st capital of Texas • 1731 1st group of Canary Islanders arrives in San Antonio • 1772 San Antonio becomes capital of Texas

3. Section 1Spain Responds to a French Threat Fierce rivals, Spain and France both wanted to claim Texas. Spain controlled the lands to the west. France controlled the lands to the east. Each country would have to establish permanent settlements in Texas to keep its rival out.

5. The Race to Claim Texas • Spain and France both wanted to colonize Texas (Texas was between Spanish Mexico and French Louisiana) • Both countries knew the other would battle them for control of Texas • Until late 1600s, Spain had settled parts of Texas and New Mexico • After La Salle established Fort St. Louis, Spanish set out to destroy it • (Spaniard )Alonso de Leon • Set out to find and destroy Fort St. Louis but on 4th expedition, they found Fort St. Louis abandoned • Read Texas Voices on page 119 • Explored region now know as East Texas • Named Caddo Indians he met Tejas • Was able to convert Caddoes to Catholiticism (with Father Damian Massanet) • Alonso de Leon named Nueces, Medina, and Hondo Rivers • Alonso de Leon established first East Texas Mission…San Francisco de los Tejas

6. Alonso de Leon Marker Father Damian Massanet http://tractioncontrol.well-regulatedmilitia.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/a100_0629.JPG http://traveldk.com/dkimages/tt_sanant036momhis_014_attrlist.jpg

7. Spain Begins Building Missions • Viceroy of New Spain was pleased with reports from de Leon’s report of land and Father Massanet’s report that Indians would be converted • Mission was started in East Texas (land of the Tejas) called Mission San Francisco de los Tejas • 2nd mission started on Neches River called SantisimoNombre de Maria (Santa Maria) • Mission was abandoned after priest and Native Texans died

8. Spain Begins Building Missions, con’t • Since everything was going well, de Leon and Massanet went to Mexico City for supplies and support • Government decided to keep building missions • Domingo Teran de los Rios sent to build 8 more missions in Texas and to look for any French explorers • Teran de los Rios was named governor of new province of Tejas

9. Domingo Terande los Rios https://www.fnbbastrop.com/images/mural/left-panel.jpg

10. Mission San Francisco de los Tejas • Founded in 1690 • Changed locations or names 5 times • 1st Mission in East Texas • Built near present day town of Weches • http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/mission_tejas/ • 1716: mission moved to Bowles Creek and renamed to Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas • 1719: mission moved again because of small French Invasion called the Chicken Wars • 1721: mission moved again near present day Alto and renamed San Francisco de los Neches • 1730: part of mission abandoned and rest moved to Colorado River in central Texas (no name change) • 1731: mission moved to San Antonio on San Antonio River (present day location) and renamed to San Francisco de la Espada • Today: Espada mission is part of San Antonio Missions Historical Park

11. Spain’s First Missions Fail • 1691, Teran de los Rios and Father Massanet visited mission San Francisco de los Tejas • Found many problems • Crops failed because of drought • Disease killed many of the Caddoes • Caddoes became resentful and hostile • Caddoes didn’t want to give up their way of life • Didn’t want to help priests farm • Didn’t want to work to support missions • Supplies ran low • Result of problems • 1693: Spain gave up trying to settle Texas • **At the time, French didn’t seem to be any more threat • Spain realized that they would have to supply military support if they wanted to permanently occupy Texas

12. The French Return • 1699: French built trading post at Biloxi (present day Mississippi) • 1702: French built another trading post in Mobile, Alabama • Because of the trading posts, French started trading with Native Americans • Spain became interested again • 1713: Father Francisco Hidalgo sent a request to French Governor of Louisiana (Lamothe Cadillac) to ask if French Catholic priests could be sent to East Texas to provide church services to Native Americans • He didn’t tell Spain he made the request • 1714: Governor Cadillac sent Louis Juchereau de St. Denis to visit Father Hidalgo at San Juan Bautista Mission • French Governor liked the idea of the French being able to visit Spanish territory

13. Father Francisco Hidalgo French Governor of Louisiana Lamothe Cadillac http://www.billcasselman.com/LAMOCAD.jpg http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/adaes/images/time-Hidalgo-1710.jpg Louis Juchereau de St. Denis http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Sulte/Images/JuchereauDeStDenis/g.jpg

14. An Unlikely Partnership • When Spanish government found out about St. Denis (French man) arriving at the San Juan Baustista Mission, they were not happy • Letting French (in Spanish territory) was against Spanish law • St. Denis was arrested at the Presidio by Commander Diego Ramon • Presidio: military post in area under Spanish control

15. Remains of a Presidio http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/presidio/images/presidio-main.jpg

16. An Unlikely Partnership, con’t • When St. Denis was in custody, he became friends with Ramon and fell in love with Ramon’s granddaughter (Manuela Sanchez) • But, he was still sent to Viceroy in Mexico City • He convinced officials that he was just helping Indians in East Texas and that French had no plans to build colonies in Spanish territory • Viceroy set him free and realized that Spanish would have to start building missions in East Texas again • Ramon led expedition to find areas to build • Knew land • Good relationship with Caddo Indians • St. Denis was allowed to marry Ramon’s granddaughter

17. Spain Reclaims East Texas • Ramon expedition left San Juan Bautista in June 1716 • Reopened San Francisco de los Tejas mission • By end of 1716, six missions had been established from Neches River to Natchitoches, LA • Also built a presidio on Neches River across from San Francisco mission

18. Spain Reclaims East Texas, con’t • Missions would need supplies…supplies had to go from Mexico to East Texas • Built half-way post/settlement near San Antonio River • Built this in 1718 • Called Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo) • http://www.thealamo.org/main/index.php • Also established Presidio on San Antonio de Bexar across river from mission • 10 families settled around presidio in settlement called La Villa de Bexar • This settlement became most important Spanish colony in Texas • Later became city of San Antonio

19. SPANISH MISSIONS, 1714–1718

20. Frightened Spaniards Retreat • New missions in East Texas not successful • Indians didn’t like mission life • Refused to take orders from priests • Refused to help with daily chores • Food supplies ran low • In Europe, Spain and France started fighting over 2 Mediterranean islands (Sicily and Sardinia)…war broke out in 1719 • France had Lieutenant Philippe Blondeltake over Spanish mission near Nacogdoches • French overpowered priests and friars and looted the mission • Took supplies • Blondel took chickens, tied them to his saddle, chickens started squawking causing his horse to rear up. Blondel was thrown off his horse. Other soldiers went to help Blondel and some of Spaniards escaped • One of the friars escaped to Presidio Delores on Neches River and reported the incident…exaggerated events saying the French forces were invading Texas • Spanish priests, missionaries, families, etc panicked • Spanish Captain Domingo Ramon ordered everyone to leave East Texas and go to La Villa at San Antonio de Bexar • This became known as the Chicken War • Result: French ran Spaniards out of East Texas proving that Spanish had weak hold on Texas • Also humiliated Spanish and they became very determined to reclaim Texas http://www.allposters.ie/-st/Michel-Lasne-posters_c65168_.htm

21. Section 2France Loses the Race for Texas Embarrassed by the French in the “Chicken War”, Spain vowed to take back East Texas. Colonists and additional soldiers were brought in so life in the missions and presidios could resume. By firmly occupying Texas, Spain finally emerged the victor over France.

22. Spain Returns with a Vengeance • Chicken War demonstrated Spain’s weakness in Texas • 1721: Marques de San Miguel de Aguayoput in charge to reestablish Spanish authority in East Texas • Left Mexico and went to San Antonio to Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo (very successful mission) • Then set out for East Texas • Met up with St. Denis at Neches River • St. Denis in charge of French Settlement at Natchitoches • St. Denis knew Spanish (Aguayo) would not be happy that French were back in East Texas • Aguayo agreed not to attack the French if French would leave immediately

23. Spanish Strongholds are Established • When Aguayo got to East Texas, he saw that all of the missions had been abandoned • So, he left priests and supplies at each mission • Established Mission Los Adaes • Built new presidio called Nuestra Senora del Pilar • Left soldiers and cannons at presidio to show Spanish were in control

24. Spanish Strongholds, con’t • Because of new mission and presidio, Los Adaes became capital of newly created province of Texas • Purpose of Los Adaes: to watch for French activity in region and block any French invasions • In 1721, Aguayo went to site of old Fort St. Louis • Captain Domingo Ramon was building new presidio there • Presidio named Nuestra Senora de Loreto • Aguayo also built a new mission called Mission Espiritu Santo Zuniga near new presidio • Would work with Indians on Gulf Coast • Spain now had 10 new missions and 4 new presidios—this firmly secured Texas for Spain

25. New Colonists Arrive • Settlers were needed to keep colonies growing • But, who would want to come to Texas??? • Finally, 400 natives of the Canary Islands agreed to settle in Texas • But, it took 12 years to get all of the details worked out • In 1731, finally 15 families (55 people) from the Canary Islands arrived in San Antonio de Bexar (not the 400) • Built a village called San Fernando de Bexar • Settlers formed a church, organized a village government, and built the first school in Texas • They grew corn, beans, oats, cotton, melons, chili peppers, etc from seeds that Spanish government gave them • See sketch on page 127

26. The Canary Islands http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/canary.htm

27. Spain Reexamines Its Outposts • Before people came from Canary Islands, Spain sent Brigadier General Pedro de Rivera y Villalon to inspect northern frontier • Task: see how Spain could save money and still maintain control of Texas • Recommendations • Combine missions • Mission and presidio near old Fort St. Louis be moved closer to San Antonio • Reduce number of Spanish troops at presidios • What Spain did • Reduced troops only • What would result of reducing troops mean?

28. Reexamine Outposts, con’t • Reduction in troops meant • Missions vulnerable to attacks by Indians…mainly Apaches • Priests asked government to suppress Apache raids with military force…government ignored request…Apaches skilled fighters and Spanish troops could not defeat them • Suppress: use military force to put an end to something

29. Reexamine Outposts, con’t • Without military protection, missions in East Texas would not survive • So, several missions were moved to San Antonio and to city of Goliad (near San Antonio River)

30. SPANISH MISSIONS IN SOUTH TEXAS, 1700–1749

31. France No Longer Presents a Threat • With Spain very in control of Texas, relationship with France got better…for awhile • Stream between Los Adaes and Natchitoches called Arroyo Hondo became unofficial boundary between Spanish Texas and French Louisiana • Spain focused on missionary work and on establishing colonies • French continued trading with Caddoes and later with Wichitas and several other tribes

32. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park and Missions Trail http://www.americansouthwest.net/texas/san_antonio_missions/historical_park.html http://www.visitsanantonio.com/visitors/play/history-heritage/san-antonio-missions/index.aspx http://www.texasexplorer.com/SanAntonioMissions.htm

33. El Camino Real The Kings Highway Old San Antonio Road http://www.elcaminorealtx.com/ http://www.nps.gov/elte/historyculture/index.htm http://www.elcaminorealdelostejas.org/trail_history http://www.toledo-bend.com/sabineco/history/index.asp?request=elcamino http://www.texasalmanac.com/topics/history/origins-camino-real-texas http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/exo04

34. Section 3Spanish Expansion in Texas Now that France was no longer a threat, Spain could establish more missions and settlements in Texas. However, Native American groups challenged the Spaniards claim to the land in the north and west. Spain needed fewer, stronger colonies to protect its claim.

35. Northward Expansion Fails • 1745: Tonkawa Indians in Central Texas asked Spanish officials to send missionaries and soldiers to help protect them from Comanche raids • Spain saw this request as an opportunity to expand its northern boundaries • As part of expansion, Spain established 3 missions and a presidio in Central Texas • Expansion: enlarging the boundaries of an area • Missions: • San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas (1748) • San Ildefonso and Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria (1749) • Presidio: • San Francisco Xavier • One name for all 3 missions and presidio: San Xavier

36. Northward Expansion Fails, con’t • New settlement of San Xavier not successful • Priests argued with commander of presidio • Drought hit area • Diseases killed Tonkawas • Tonkawas refused to help at missions • Apaches attacked San Xavier • 1757: Spain abandoned settlement and missions moved to Guadalupe and San Saba Rivers

37. Expanding Spain’s Control • Mid 1700s: Spain’s last expansion program • Goals • Run French traders out of East Texas • French traders were becoming a problem in East Texas • Spain built presidios near Sabine and Trinity Rivers to keep French out • Secure Spain’s claim on South Texas by establishing settlements • 1748: Count Jose de Escandonset out with 3000 settlers, soldiers, and priests to settle lands between Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers • Established 15 missions • Moved some missions/presidios to other locations • By 1755, he had placed over 6000 people in 20 towns in South Texas…one was Laredo • Much of this land was given to ranchers who lived south of the Rio Grande (in New Spain)…now known as the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas

38. PROVINCES OF NEW SPAIN, 1755

39. Spain Encounters Trouble in the West • Spain was interested in settling areas of West Texas • Established presidios/missions near Menard, TX and San Saba, TX Presidio at San Saba Presidio at Menard http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasHillCountryTowns/MenardTexas/MenardTx.htm http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/presidio/index.html

40. Spain Encounters Trouble in the West, con’t • Spain knew they had to establish peaceful relations with Indians in the area • Started with Lipan Apaches • Lipan Apaches had requested a mission and military help to protect them from the Comanches and Wichitas…also they promised to adopt mission way of life http://www.manataka.org/images/Lipan%20Apache%20camp.jpg

41. Spain Encounters Trouble in the West, con’t • But, even after San Saba mission was built, Lipans only came to mission to get food and gifts… • then they left and lived their normal life • Sometimes they stole horses and other things that belonged to priests • Priests were never able to convert Lipans to Christianity • When Comanches heard about arrangement that Lipans made with Lipans, they sent 2000 Comanches to San Saba Mission…claiming they came in peace • But, once they got inside the mission, the Comanches started killing Spaniards/priests at mission • Attacked mission again a year later…killed soldiers and stole horses and cattle • Goal of Comanches: to drive Spanish out of their territory • **Read “Texas Tidbits” on page 133

42. Spaniards Seek Revenge • Spain knew they had to seek revenge against the Comanches so they wouldn’t look weak to other tribes • 1759: Spanish Colonel Ortiz Parillaled group of 500 Spanish soldiers to attack the Comanches • October, 1759: Spanish soldiers fought a combined group of Comanches/Wichitas near San Saba • Parilla and his men were defeated by Indians • Abandoned Mission San Saba permanently • Eventually, all of the missions in the area were abandoned • Indians not willing to change http://www.nps.gov/pais/historyculture/spanish.htm

43. More Problems Arise • For the most part, Spain’s attempts to expand north and west of San Antonio River were unsuccessful • Missionary efforts failed • Indian attacks resulted in Spain being humiliated and appearing weak • Other problem • After French/Indian War ended in 1763, Spain acquired all of French Louisiana west of Mississippi River • Area was too large for Spain to develop or defend • Settlers from other parts of US began moving in

44. Rubi Inspects Spanish Territory • King of Spain knew things had to change of Spain wanted to maintain control of Spain’s lands in North America • So, he sent the Marques de Rubi(a Spanish officer) to check out the North American land • Rubi checked out all of Spain’s northern frontier…from California to Texas • Checked out all major settlements • Recommendation: • move all Spanish settlements in East Texas to San Antonio • French no longer a threat so East Texas missions and presidios were no longer needed • Close down all missions and presidios in West Texas • Couldn’t convert Indians • Move capital city of province of Texas from Los Adaes to San Antonio • Form an alliance with the Comanches and Wichitas to band and wipe out Lipan Apaches • Alliance: join together for a common purpose http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/dolores/images/rubi-cisneros.jpg

45. Spain Makes Changes • King of SpainOK’d Rubi’s recommendations but still had problems • Lipan Apaches still causing problems • Spaniards got a French army officer/trader to put a plan into place that led the Comanches to declare war on Lipan Apaches in 1779 • A year later, though, Lipan Apaches wanted a peace agreement • An uneasy peace developed • Spanish settlers in East Texas didn’t want to leave • So, in 1779, a group of settlers led by Gil Ybarbofounded the community of Nacogdoches • Nacogdoches grew to be 2nd most prosperous town in Spanish Texas

46. Gil Ybarbo http://image1.findagrave.com/photos250/photos/2010/116/51569030_127235617567.jpg Nacogdoches, TX http://www.bestplaces.net/images/city/nacogdoches_tx.gif

47. El Mesquite • Read story on page 136-137