Human Growth & Development Reproduction

1. Human Growth & DevelopmentReproduction Pages 468-473 Male Pages 474-479 Female Pages 486-491 Conception-Birth

2. Puberty • a time in one’s life when a male and a female become capable of producing offspring. Hormones: Male – testosterone Female – estrogen & progesterone

3. Male Secondary Sex/Gender Characteristics • Pubic hair growth • Facial/body hair • Voice deepens • Shoulders broaden • Penis growth

4. Male Anatomy Side View Front View

5. Male Reproductive Organs & Functions Testes – produce testosterone and sperm Epididymus– storage area for sperm to mature for approximately 2-6 weeks Scrotum– holds testes and regulates temperature of testes Vas Deferens – passageway for sperm to Seminal Vesicle Seminal Vesicle – secretes a sugar nutrient that provides energy for sperm, also a storage area for sperm to mature into semen Prostate Gland – secretes fluid that cleanses the Urethra from acid left by urine and controls urine release from Bladder Cowper’s Gland – secretes lubricating fluid before ejaculation THIS FLUID CAN CONTAIN SPERM! (pre-ejaculation) Urethra– passageway for urine or semen to exit body Penis– male reproductive organ used for urination and reproduction Bladder– storage area for urine (not part of reproductive organs)

6. Male Problems Prostate Cancer – irregular cell growth causing abnormal function and uncontrolled urination at times Testicular Cancer – irregular cell growth of testicle Testicular Torsion – testicles and vas deferens become twisted Hernia– soft tissue above scrotum ruptures/tears and tissue pushes into scrotum against the testicles and epididymus Vasectomy– vas deferens cut and stitched to prevent future pregnancy (must wait 6-12weeks before having sexual intercourse or could still get female pregnant from sperm in seminal vesicle or Cowper’s gland) choice to become sterile

7. Female Secondary Sex/Gender Characteristics • Pubic hair growth • Voice gets fuller • Breast development • Hips widen • Menstrual cycle begins

8. Female Anatomy front view Front View

9. Female Anatomy side view Side View

10. Female Reproductive Organs & Functions Vagina – place for sperm to be deposited during sexual intercourse - Also known as the “Birth Canal” Uterus– place where fertilized egg implants after conceptionmuscular pear shaped organ which contracts to help childbirth Cervix – lower portion of Uterus that dilates to allow childbirth (at 10 cm this is called crowning) Fallopian Tubes – passageway for ova/eggs to move to the Uterus This is the site of conception (where egg is fertilized) Ovaries – produce estrogen, progesterone, and the ova/eggs

11. Female Problems Cervical Cancer – irregular cell growth (may be caused by multiple male partners due to various chemical changes from semen samples, or from chemical changes caused by “birth control” methods) Ovarian Cancer – irregular cell growth of ovary (possibly not releasing egg/infertile) Breast Cancer – irregular cell growth of tissue in breast Toxic Shock Syndrome – improper use of tampon (build up of toxins from deteriorating blood and endometrium caused by bacteria or fungus) Endometriosis – infection of lining of uterus Vaginitis/Yeast infection – healthy bacteria of vagina are infected Douche use – does not aid in pregnancy prevention (may help force sperm up into uterus) Tubal Ligation – fallopian tubes are cut and tied off to prevent matured ovum from traveling to the uterus choice to become sterile

12. Process of Conception 1. Ovulation occurs around day 14 after menstrual “period” ends This is the release of the ovum by an ovary into the fallopian tube 2. Egg travels through fallopian tube from 3 to 7 days Occurs once a month (28 days) and most of the time it is one ovum 3. Sperm is deposited into the vagina 4. Sperm swims through cervix and up uterus and then into fallopian tubes 5. Conception/Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube if a sperm meets the egg ONLY ONE SPERM WILL FERTILIZE ONE EGG! One egg may split to produce Identical twinsafter fertilized by a sperm If it is 2 or more eggs (each fertilized by a different sperm), then there is the possibility of Fraternal twins 6. Fertilized egg travels to the uterus where it implants itself into the uterine lining/endometrium Ectopic Pregnancy – egg attaches to fallopian tube instead of uterus (this is a problem) If egg is not fertilized, then the menstrual cycle will continue and get rid of the uterine lining and blood.

13. Stages of Development

14. Stages of Development Zygote – new organism; immediately after conception/fertilization Blastocyst– up to 2 weeks of development (cluster of cells) Embryo– 2 weeks to 3 months (first trimester) liver, brain, heart, lungs, and other major organs IF MOTHER ABUSES DRUGS OF ANY KIND AT THIS STAGE, IRREPARABLEDAMAGE CAN OCCUR TO THE UNBORN CHILD! Fetus– 3 months to birth (second and third trimesters) Human features develop such as arms, hands, legs, feet, facial features, sucking thumb, hair growth on body, etc.

15. Stages of Development http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/Stages/CStages.htm

16. embryos of fish, salamander, turtle, chicken, pig, cow, rabbit and human in three stages of development

17. dolphin

18. Stage 1: 1 days • fertilization • polar bodies Stage 2: 2-3 days • cleavage & morula • compaction Stage 3: 4-5 days • blastocyst & blastocoele • embryonic disk • Trophoblast & embryoblast Stage 4: 6 days • syncytiotrophoblast • cytotrophoblast • amniotic ectoderm Stage 5 (a-c): 7-12 days • implantation • bilaminar germ disk • primary yolk sac • amniotic cavity Stage 6: ca 17 days • primitive streak • primitive groove • chorionic villi • secondary yolk sac Stage 7: ca 19 days • gastrulation • neural plate • start of hematopoiesis • notochord Stage 8: ca 23 days • primitive pit Stage 9: ca 25 days • neural groove • neural folds • septum transversum • placode • early heart Stage 10: ca 28 days • pharyngeal arches #1 and #2 • cardiac loop • intermediate mesoderm Stage 11: ca 29 days • sinus venosus • mesonephric duct Stage 12: ca 30 days • upper limb buds Stage 13: ca 32 days • septum primum • foramen primum Stage 14: ca 33 days • ureteric bud Stage 15: ca 36 days Stage 16: ca 39 days Stage 17: ca 41 days Stage 18: ca 44 days • septum secundum Stage 19: ca 46 days Stage 20: ca 49 days Stage 21: ca 51days Stage 22: ca 53 days Stage 23: ca 56 days

19. 7 Weeks

20. 7 Months