Contributions to a theory of geographical information engineering

1. Gilberto Câmara NationalInstitute for SpaceResearch, Brazil Contributions to a theory of geographical information engineering Scientific colloquium in honour of Prof. Andre U. Frank Vienna, 2008

2. Why GI Engineering? Frank, A. and M. Raubal (2001). "GIS Education Today: From GI Science to GI Engineering." URISA JOURNAL 13(2): 5-10 Chemistry Chemical Eng. Physics Electrical Eng. Computer Computer Eng. Science GI Science GI Engineering GI Engineering:= “The discipline of systematic construction of GIS and associated technology, drawing on scientific principles.”

3. Scientists and Engineers Photo51(Franklin, 1952) Scientists build in order to study Engineersstudy in order to build

4. What set of concepts drove GIS -20? Map-based (cartography) User-centered (user interfaces) Toblerianspaces (regionalized data analysis) Object-basedmodellingandspatialreasoning

5. What should GIS-20 Engineers have studied? Cartography Photogram Spatial Relations Semantics Ontology Geographic Information Engineering Spatial Analysis Data Modelling Spatial Databases Computer Languages User Interfaces

6. Coverage Geo-field GIS-20: Object-oriented modelling Egenhofer, M. and A. Frank (1992). "Object-Oriented Modeling for GIS." URISA Journal 4(2): 3-19. SPRING´s object-oriented data model (1995) ARCGIS´s object-centred data model (2002) Spatial database contains contains Geo-object Cadastral Is-a Is-a Numerical Categorical

7. GIS-20: Topological Spatial Reasoning Egenhofer, M. and R. Franzosa (1991). "Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations." IJGIS 5(2): 161-174 OGC´s 9-intersection dimension-extended Open source implementations (GEOS)

8. GIS-20: User interfaces Jackson, J. (1990) Visualization of metaphors for interaction with GIS. M.S. thesis, University of Maine. Geographer´s desktop (1992) ArcView (1995)

9. GIS -20: Region-based spatial analysis Goodchild, Anselin, Applebaum, and Harthorn. 2000. Toward Spatially Integrated Social Science. Int Regional Science Review 23 (2):139-159. GeoDA ArcGISGeostatistical analyst (1995)

10. mobiledevices augmented reality GIS-21 Data-centered, mobile-enabled, contribution-based, field-basedmodelling sensor networks ubiquitousimagesandmaps

11. Global Change: How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization? Global Change Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change?

12. Sensor Webs source: ARGOS Tracking Positions collected over a fixed period of time Monitoring Data from remote stations, fixed or mobile

13. What should GIS-21 Engineers study? Spatial Cognition Spatial Reasoning Semantics Ontology Geographic Information Engineering Spatio- temporal models Network theory Spatial Databases Computer Languages Info Visualiz.

14. GIE-21: Functional Programming Frank, A. (1997). Higher order functions necessary for spatial theory development. In: Auto-Carto 13. Frank, A. (1999). One Step up the Abstraction Ladder: Combining Algebras – From Functional Pieces to a Whole. COSIT 99 class Coverage cv where evaluate :: cv a b  a  Maybe b domain :: cv a b  [a] num :: cv a b  Int values :: cv a b  [b] Geospatial data processing is a collection of types and functions Functional programming allows rigorous development of GIS

15. GIS-21: Multiscale modelling snap: T ⟶ (S1⟶ V) {snap1(t1),., snapn(tn)} space-based snapshots hist : S2⟶ (T⟶V) the history of a location in space Data modelling of human-environment issues poses unresolved problems

16. state : (S x T) ⟶V ) the previous state of the world (or a theory about) {snap1(t1),...., snapn(tn)} a set of space-based snapshots theory_space : (S ⟶V ) a theory about the process that describe space {hist1(s1),...., histn(sn)} a set of time series for fixed locations theory_time : (T ⟶V ) a theory about the time evolution state : (S x T) ⟶V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world

17. GIS-21: Spatio-temporal modelling “A dynamicalspatialmodel is a computationalrepresentationof a real-world processwhere a locationontheearth’ssurfacechanges in response to variationsonexternalandinternal dynamics onthelandscape” (Peter Burrough) f (It) f (It+1) f (It+2) f ( It+n ) F F . . DynamicSpatialModelsneedhigher-orderfunctions!

18. Cell Spaces • Representation • Cell Spaces • Generalized Proximity Matriz – GPM • Hybrid Automata model • Nested scales GIS-21: Spatio-Temporal modellingwith Agents in Cell Spaces TerraME: Based on functional programming concepts (second-order functions) to develop dynamical models

19. GIE-21: Spatial Cognition Frank, A. U. (1996). "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example." IJGIS10(3): 269-290. Mark, D. and A. Frank (1991). Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. Dordrecht, Kluwer. Relativelocation in microspaces Collaborative GIS (Virtual Rome) source: A. Camara (Ydreams) Technology-enabledspatialcognition: revisitthemetaphors, obtainquantitativeresults, design better systems

20. GIE-21: Network Theory Bus traffic volume in São Paulo Innovation network in SiliconValley Barabasi, A.-L. and Albert, R., Emergence of scaling in random networks, Science 286, 509–512 (1999). Newman, M. E. J., Barabasi, A.-L., and Watts, D. J., The Structure and Dynamics of Networks, Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton (2003).

21. GIE-21: Network-based analysis Emergentarea Consolidatedarea Modellingbeefchains in Amazonia

22. GIS-21: Human-enviroment interactions Frank, A. U. (2001). "Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in GIS." IJGIS15(7): 667-678. Nature: Physical equations Describe processes Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources

23. Should we teach GIEngineering for the 21st century? Spatial Cognition Spatial Reasoning Semantics Ontology Geographic Information Engineering Spatio- temporal models Network theory Spatial Databases Computer Languages Info Visualiz.