Engineering the Advanced Power Grid: Research Challenges and Tasks

1. Engineering the Advanced Power Grid: Research Challenges and Tasks C. Gill cdgill@cse.wustl.edu Washington University St. Louis, MO D. Niehaus niehaus@eecs.ku.edu University of Kansas Lawrence, KS M. L. Crow, F. Liu, B. McMillin, D. Tauritz {crow, fliu, ff, tauritzd}@umr.edu University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, MO Workshop on Research Directions for Security and Networking in Critical Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CRTES ‘06) RTAS 2006, San Jose, CA, Tuesday, April 4th, 2006 Research supported in part by NSF through MRI award CNS-0420869 (UMR), CAREER award CCF-0448562 (WUSTL), and EHS award CCR-0311599 (KU); by DOE/Sandia (UMR); and by DARPA through PCES contract F33615-03-4111 (WUSTL and KU)

2. Communications Transmission Line Generation Energy Management Communications Satellite Distributed control and fault/attack detection Distributed Decisions FACTS Power Electronics Wind Power 33 FACTS device Sensing and monitoring Inputs Power Electronics Energy Storage Solar Power v v Power Electronics Energy Storage Critical Infrastructure: Advanced Power Grid • US DOE “Grid 2030” vision motivates new CRTES research • Large, complex, interconnected, real-time, critical networks • Need integrated, decentralized, robust, survivable control

3. Challenges: Modeling and Semantic Integration • Formal methods are needed • Timing and concurrency of physical and cyber elements • Domain-specific optimizations for model checking, etc. • Co-design of verification and validation: tractable fidelity • Co-design also needed for • Hardware and software • Control applications and system infrastructure • Resource management and system monitoring at run-time

4. Challenges: Real-Time Control • Long-term control (minutes) • A wider range of distributed algorithms (e.g., Max Flow++) • Architectures for distributed real-time coordination • Verification of mitigation and recovery strategies/scenarios • Dynamic control (seconds) • Characterize effects of delays on control modes and stability • Characterize and improve timing bounds for computation and communication technologies • Design local and “one hop” protocols for improved control

5. Challenges: Fault-Tolerance and Security • Fault/attack isolation is crucial • Identify interaction channels empirically and through verification • Remove unnecessary interaction channels where possible • Prevent interference with critical constraints over remaining channels • Non-bypassability matters too • Ability of one interaction to bypass isolation of another interaction • Impacts fault propagation as well as adversarial attack scenarios • Can model checking and other formal techniques help to verify non-bypassability in real-world settings?

6. Concluding Remarks • We have outlined research problems for the advanced power grid in three topic areas • Modeling and semantic integration • Real-time control • Fault-tolerance and security • The topics comprise a new field: power informatics • Needs integration of results from CS, EE, ME, SSM, … • Raises new problems at intersections of the disciplines • Similar cross-disciplinary fields in other areas • Automotive, medical devices, aerospace, petrochemical, … • Critical infrastructure lessons to be learned in each area