BEGINNINGS TO 1763

EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA BEGINNINGS TO 1763

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1 • Aztecs • Founded in what is now Mexico City • Mayans • Developed advanced math, astronomy, and a calendar • Incas • Developed road system and strong central government

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S • Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography • The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes • Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S • Old World- Europe and parts of Asia and Africa • New World- North, Central, and South America • Beringia Land Bridge- ice age bridge Asia and N. America (12,ooo years ago) • First Europeans to discover the Americas- the Vikings in 1000.

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S • European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants • Christianityplayed a critical role – religious leaders had power • The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • Spanish were the first to arrive in N. America • Spaniards came for “God, Gold, and Glory” (Most importantly gold) • They converted the natives to Roman Catholicism and used them as laborers until they were replaced by Africans. • France’s King claimed New France (today Canada and parts of the northeast U.S.) based on the travels of Jacques Cartier • 1608- first successful French colony in Quebec • Depended on the fur trade

USA Test Prep • School Name: Landrum High School • Subscription: South Carolina HSAP/ EOCEP • Username: landrumsc • Student Password: newton62 • Josh.fowler@Spart1.org

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 • Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savoir”)‏ • He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas • Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System • Disease devastated Native population

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS • Columbus made FOURvoyages to the New World • Columbus gets the help from Spain. Why? • This changes the economy and power structure in Europe.

Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles PlagueChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold Typhoid Cholera Syphilis The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Animals: Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens Donkeys and Mules Black Rats TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs Gray Squirrels The Columbian Biological Exchange

Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Plants: Food Crops: Rice WheatBarleySoybeansMelonsLettuce and other VegetablesRagweedKentucky Bluegrass Cash Crops: Sugarcane Bananas Coffee Citrus and Stone Fruits Olives Wine Grapes Food Crops: Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima)Manioc (Tapioca) PeanutsSquashTomatoes Cash Crops: Tobacco CottonPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)Papayas And GuavasPeppersAvocados Coca (Cocaine) The Columbian Biological Exchange

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE • Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas • Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico • Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru • Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA • Spain led the way until they are defeated in a naval battle in the North Sea and English Channel by the English Navy. 1588/Spanish Armada California Missions

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3 • Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America • Imperialism- acquiring territories outside established borders (one country ruling another) • Reasons for Colonization: • 1. British needed a base to fight against the Spanish ships and cities (military advantage) • 2. English merchants wanted new markets (more money) • 3. Place for those without homes or jobs (more space)

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3 • Lost Colony of Roanoke Island- settled by Walter Raleigh • Vanished in three years (no idea how) • Virginia Dare- first English child born in America • 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled • John Smith led this group of settlers • Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop (“Virginia Gold”) • Required large amounts of labor • First were indentured servants- poor people in debt

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” • Pilgrims come to Plymouth in 1620 • Mayflower Compact (self-government) • Separatists from the English Church • Puritans had no religious tolerance (purify Catholicism) • Mass. Bay Co. • Salem Witch Trials- accused many of being witches (20 executed) PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE • New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion • King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating

SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES • New England-Above New York • Middle Colonies- NY to Delaware • Southern Colonies- Maryland to Georgia

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER • Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established • By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies • Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies King George III

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTS • Series of laws that kept colonies from competing with England. • Colonies exist to serve as source of raw materials and markets for good made in England

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4 • New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies • In the South, rural Plantationswith a single cash crop were common • Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people Southern Plantation

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE • Slaves carried from Africa’s West Coast to New World

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE • Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling • Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns • Others were more radical and tried escape & revolt

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING • 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenmentbegan in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies • The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws • Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING • Stirred the Colonies to question authority. • Impact on the Revolution-sparked Democratic Ideas that made Americans question England’s unfair treatment.

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR/Aka the Seven Years War • Competition in North America led to a war (1754-1763) between old rivals France and England • The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants • Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict • The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY • The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the British Control of Canada and the Ohio Valley. • The French were gone from N. America and England with a huge war debt WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 • To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains • The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)‏ • Next- More taxes and Revolution

BEGINNINGS TO 1763