Monika Bak University of Gdansk, Poland e-mail: monikab@panda.bg.univ.gda.pl

1. IMPLEMENTING PRICING POLICIES IN INTERURBAN ROAD TRANSPORT IN NAS COUNTRIES IN THE LIGHT OF PRESENT TRANSPORT POLICY - THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND Monika Bak University of Gdansk, Poland e-mail: monikab@panda.bg.univ.gda.pl

2. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION • What have been the major changes in road transport in NAS during transformation? • How historical background influences implementing pricing policies in NAS? • What kind of changes have to occurred during transformation in order to implement pricing system in transport? • How transport policies in NAS have changed during transformation (case of Poland)? • What are the barriers of implementing pricing system and how to overcome them?

3. IDEA OF PRICING SYSTEM IN NAS • Specific approach and constraintsof implementing pricing policies in NASor problems similar as in the EU; • Economic growth and transformation as phenomena promoting development of road transport.

4. quantitative changes - increase of external costs of transport qualitative changes + decrease of external costs of transport activity; - under-investment of transport infrastructure INTERURBAN ROAD TRANSPORT IN NAS - EVOLUTION DURING TRANSITION

5. GENERAL CHANGES IN ROAD TRANSPORT DURING TRANSFORMATION TECHNICAL STRUCTURAL SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FREIGHT MODE PASSENGER MODE

6. EVOLUTION OF NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS IN POLAND

7. Evolution of passenger interurban buses and coaches and rail transport in Poland in the years 1990-2002

8. Evolution of freight road and rail transport in Poland in the years 1990-2002

9. ECONOMIC PRIORITIES IN CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY - BACKGROUND OF PRICING Centrally planned economy Macro economic priorities Command and quota system support for heavy industries (preferences for rail transport) Inefficiency of the system Evidence of socialism power - “political” investments (e.g. In Poland by using foreign credits) Lack of financial resources for infrastructure investments and environment protection

10. YES collecting resources to state budget, impact on localisation of production, stimulating export, support for anti-import production, improvement of balance of payments, co-ordination of transport tariffs with general policy of the country NO internalisation of external costs, management of traffic, promoting fair competition. PURPOSES OF TARIFF POLICY IN TRANSPORT IN CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY

11. SCHEME OF THE MODEL OF TRANSFORMATION Economic transformation • Changes of patterns of • behaviour: • law, • tradition, informal patterns Centrallyplannedeconomy Marketeconomy Changes of system of decision-making • Changes of organisations: • enterprise, • state, • international organisations • local authorities, • non-governmental organisations. Internal factors External factors Effects of transformation Technical effects Structural effects Social effects Infrastructure effects

12. Necessary changes: Law: removal of old tariff system, introducing new legal order, Customs, tradition: social acceptance of pricing system changes in transport sector, taking care of natural environment Constraints: Law: unclear statement of the EU, lack of good practical examples, incompatibility of old and new regulations and incompatibility of regulations in different sectors; Customs, tradition: acceptability problems in political sphere, objection against intervention in young market economy, social objections PRICING POLICY IN TRANSPORT DURING TRANSFORMATION - PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR

13. Necessary changes: Changing role of the state, but allowing some spheres (including pricing policy) in state competencies, Free and independent decisions of enterprises Constraints: Confusing of state institutions – organisational defects, blocking efficient decision making in new economic conditions, Limitation of enterprises’ decision making in new pricing system PRICING POLICY IN TRANSPORT DURING TRANSFORMATION - SYSTEM OF DECISION MAKING

14. PRICING POLICY IN TRANSPORT DURING TRANSFORMATION - ORGANISATIONS Necessary changes: Constraints:

15. Internal factors: political: determination of reforming pricing system and reducing external costs of transport economic: consideration purposes different from only achieving budget revenues. External factors: integration processes in Europe: pressure on adjustment to harmonised EU rules. IMPACT OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSFORMATION ON IMPLEMENTING PRICING POLICIES

16. HOW EFFECTS OF TRANSFORMATION CAN BE CHANGED IF PRICING POLICIES ARE IMPLEMENTED? IMPACT ON FOLLOWING CHANGES: • modernisation of the fleet, technical improvements, • rationalisation of modal structure of transport, • competition in transport markets, • efficiency of transport activity, • reduction of external costs, • better living standard.

17. POLISH TRANSPORT POLICY VERSUS PRICING POLICY - BASIC DOCUMENTS • Transport policy of 1995; • “National strategy of transport development for the years 2000-2006”; • “Transport policy of the state for 2001-2015 for sustainable development”; • “Economic strategy of the government Entrepreneurship – Development – Labour” - Infrastructure – key to development • “Polish national plan of development 2004-2006”; • “Operational programme – transport – maritime economy”; • “Strategy of development of the transport sector in the years 2004-2006 for use of Cohesion Fund of the EU”

18. CALCULATION OF COSTS AND INTERNALISATION IN THE NAS • different / incompatible systems of collecting data; • problems with infrastructure cost evidence; • methodological problems with cost calculation; • political and social acceptance for internalisation; • insufficient results of studies on internalisation policies.

19. BARRIERS OF IMPLEMENTING PRICING POLICIES - SUMMARY • Lack of information; • Mentality and social acceptance; • Transitional ideological chaos; • Transitional chaos in transport policy; • Financial resources.

20. HOW TO OVERCOME BARRIERS - CONCLUSIONS • Completion of transformation process; • High economic growth; • Good example of the EU.