JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

1. JPN494: Japanese Language and LinguisticsJPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics Phonology & Phonetics (5)

2. Accentuation • stress accent vs. pitch accent • In English, each content word has a stressed syllable. • function words: him, the, a, can, etc. • content words: everything else • A stressed syllable is louder (more intense) and longer than an unstressed syllable. • Many scholars believe that English has pitch accents too (see: http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/ame_tobi/). • English is a stress-timed language, while Japanese is a mora-timed language and Spanish is a syllable-timed language.

3. Pitch accent in Japanese • A word is called accented if it has a mora after which there is a precipitous pitch fall (otherwise, it is unaccented) • あ↓め (雨) • A mora followed by a pitch fall is called an accent nucleus. • The presence and place of an accent nucleus is (largely) lexically determined.

4. Initial Lowering Rule: The pitch of the first mora of a word is lower than that of the second mora unless the accent is placed on the first mora. • In other words: there is a pitch rise after the first mora unless the first mora is an accent nucleus. • To put it differently: The pitch of the first mora and the pitch of the second mora are always different.

5. Accent phrase: an accent phrase is formed by: a word and 0, 1, or more particle (助詞) • [{きょねん} {わたしは} {きょうとにも} {いきましたよ}] • Some particles affect the accent pattern in peculiar ways. (e.g. 妹が来た vs. 妹の鉛筆(えんぴつ)) • さかなが (魚が; LHHH) • い’のちが (命が; HLLL) • そば’やが (そば屋が; LHLL) • おとこ’が (男が; LHHL) • Some scholars call the initial rise “phrasal accent” and the pitch fall “lexical accent”

6. A mora that consists of /R/, /N/, or /Q/ cannot be an accent nucleus • 電気 (で’んき) HLL • 伝記 (でんき) LHH • *でん’き LHL • ト’ーク HLL • 遠く (とおく) LHH • *とお’く/とう’く LHL • キ’ック HLL • 切符 (きっぷ) LHH • *きっ’ぷ/キッ’ク LHL

7. Disambiguation by accent patterns: • はし: 箸 vs. 橋 (HL vs. LH) • でんき: 伝記 vs. 電気 (LHH vs. HLL) • はな: 花が赤い vs. 鼻が赤い (LHL … vs. LHH …) • うえる: 植える vs. 飢える (LHH vs. LHL) • かえる: 蛙 vs. 帰る (LHH vs. HLL) • cf. SUBject vs. subJECT

8. Accent weakening (1): • [{隣(となり)の} {奥さん}] vs. [{隣の} {岡さん}] お’くさん　お’かさん さっき、隣の奥さんが来たよ。 さっき、隣の岡さんが来たよ。 • Accent weakening (2): Q:どこでうなぎを食べたんですか? A:うなぎは京都で食べました。 Q: あれ、捨(す)てちゃいました? A: いや、食べました。

9. Accent patterns of long nominal compounds • ふゆ’ + け’しき = 冬景色 • ふゆげ’しき • やま’ + ほとと’ぎす = 山ほととぎす • やまほとと’ぎす • ゆにゅう + くだ’もの = 輸入くだもの • ゆにゅうくだ’もの • さと + ここ’ろ = 里心 • さとご’ころ • の’うぎょう + くみあい = 農業組合 • のうぎょうく’みあい • で’んき + かみそ’り = 電気かみそり • でんきか’みそり

10. Accent patterns of long nominal compounds • Tsujimura and Davis (1987): When the second member consists of three or more moras: • If the first member is accented, delete the accent. • If the accent of the second member is placed on the final or penultimate mora, then shift it to the first mora. • If the second member is unaccented, place an accent on the first mora.

11. げいじゅつ + きょ’うかい = げいじゅつきょ’うかい (芸術協会) • おおぐい + た’いかい = おおぐいた’いかい (大食い大会) • ボ’ストン + マラソン = ボストンマ’ラソン • アトラ’ンタ + オリンピ’ック = アトランタオリンピ’ック

12. Accent patterns of short nominal compounds • Cases where the second member consists of one or two mora are more complicated. • Class 1: み’そ (味噌), そ’ら (空), etc. • If the first member has more than three moras, the accent of the first member is deleted and that of the second member survives. (いなか+み’そ, し’んしゅう+み’そ, むら’さき+み’そ) • If the first member has one or two mora, the compound is unaccented. (し’ろ+み’そ, ごま+み’そ)

13. Class 2: ふろ’ (風呂), き’ (木), す’ (酢), etc. • The whole compound becomes unaccented, whether the first member is accented or not. (あ’さ + ふろ’, にわ + き’, く’ろ + す’) • バルサミコ酢? • Class 3: かぜ (風), い’ち (市), etc. • The last mora of the first member becomes an accent nucleus. (せともの + いち,　みなみ + かぜ) • 北風?

14. とり (鳥) • しま (島) • ぬま (沼) • ペ’ン • かま (鎌)

15. Intonation • Intonations are pitch movements that characterize phonological units larger than accent phrases (AP’s): i.e., intonational phrases (IP’s). • An IP consists of one or more AP. • An IP typically corresponds to one utterance, but sometimes a single utterance consists of more than one IP. • Pitch movements within accent phrases are largely lexically determined; intonations are not.

16. The standard Japanese has four types intonations: • ↗ (LH%): rise (question rise) • ↑ (H%): emphatic rise • ↑↓ (HL%): rise-fall • φ: plain

17. {…} = AP, […] = IP • [{ローマに}{行ったの}] • [{ローマに}{行ったの}] ↗ • [{ローマに}{行ったの}]↑ • [{ローマに}] ↑↓[{行ったの}] • [{ローマに}] ↑[{行ったの}]

18. The “meaning” of an intonation is hard to pin down. • 今から学校行く vs.今から学校行く ↗ • もう昼ごはん食べた vs.もう昼ごはん食べた↗ • 三年生だ vs. ??三年生だ↗ • 三年生↗, 三年生か↗, 三年生なの↗ • 三年生です vs. ??三年生です↗ • 三年生ですか↗

19. A “question rise” does not always mean a question. • あ、切符 (きっぷ) 落としました↗ - question • あ、切符 (きっぷ) 落としましたよ↗ • attracting attention (?)

20. 暑い (“It’s hot.”) • 暑い↗ (“Is it hot?”) • 暑いね (“It’s hot, isn’t it.”) • 暑いね↗(“It’s hot, isn’t it?”, “Are you sure it’s hot?”) • 暑いよ (“It’s hot (and you have to do something about it)”) • 暑いよ↗(“It’s hot. (Are you okay with that?)”,　“You may want to know that it’s hot.”)

21. [{ローマに}] ↑↓[{行ったの}] (“explanatory”) • ５時くらいに山田さんが来て↑↓そんで、しばらくしたら鈴木さんも来て↑↓そんでしばらくみんなでビールとか飲んでたら山田さんが急におなかが痛いって言い出したの。 • indicates that the speaker is “still talking” • used in colloquial speech

22. [{ローマに}{行ったの}]↑ • [{チョコレート}]↑ • “insisting”; colloquial, children speech • [ {ローマに}]↑[{行きました}] • indicates the “focus” of the utterance; can be used in formal/polite speech too

23. Natural declination: F0 declines throughout the IP, except where it is “pushed up” by a phrasal rise or a rising intonation. • The overall pitch movement within an IP is determined by the combination of: • accent falls / phrasal rises (and weakening thereof) • intonations • natural declination

24. On the phonological side: • IP > AP (> word) > syllable > mora > phone • On the syntactic side: • (discourse >) sentence > phrase (noun phrases, etc.) > word > morpheme (affixes, etc.)

25. Appendix 1: Alternative symbols white: “official” symbols; yellow: Tsujimura’s book • ウ: [ɯ] = [u] • ヤ: [ja] = [ya] • キャ: [kja] = [kya] • シ: [ʃi] = [ši] • ザ: [ʣa] = [dza] (~ [za]) • ジ: [ʤi] = [ǰi] (~ [ʒi] = [ži]) • チ: [ʧi] = [či] • ツ: [ʦɯ] = [tsu]

26. ウ: /ɯ/ = /u/ • ヤ: /ja/ = /ya/ • キャ: /kja/ or /kja/ = /kya/ or /kya/ • フォ: /ɸo/ or /hwo/ = /ɸo/ or /hwo/ • シ: /si/ = /si/ • ザ: /za/ = /za/ • ジ: /zi/ = /zi/ • チ: /ti/ = /ti/ • ツ: /tɯ/ = /tu/

27. 切手 (きって): • /kiQte/ ⇒ [kitte] ([kit:e] ) • /kitte/ ⇒ [kit:e] • 三 (さん): • /saN/ ⇒ [saɴ] • /san/ ⇒ [saɴ] • cf. なま /nama/ • コーヒー: • /koRhiR/ ⇒ [ko:çi:] • /koohii/ ⇒ [ko:çi:]

28. Appendix 2: Summary of phones/phonemes • Notes: • [x] = phone (phonetic representation), /x/ = phoneme (phonological representation) • “Option 2” for the treatment of 拗音’s is adopted. • “[x] ~ [y]” indicates that [x] may alternate with [y] freely or under certain conditions.

29. ア イ ウ エ オ • [a] [i] [ɯ] [e] [o] • /a/ /i/ /ɯ/ /e/ /o/

30. カ キ ク ケ コ キャ キュ キョ • [ka] [kji] [kɯ] [ke] [ko] [kja] [kjɯ] [kjo] • /ka/ /ki/ /kɯ/ /ke/ /ko/ /kja/ /kjɯ/ /kjo/ • ガ ギ グ ゲ ゴ ギャ ギュ ギョ • [ga] [gji] [gɯ] [ge] [go] [gja] [gjɯ] [gjo] • [g] ~ [ŋ] (word-middle only) • /ga/ /gi/ /gɯ/ /ge/ /go/ /gja/ /gjɯ/ /gjo/

31. サ シ ス セ ソ シャ シュ ショ • [sa] [ʃi] [sɯ] [se] [so] [ʃa] [ʃɯ] [ʃo] • /sa/ /si/ /sɯ/ /se/ /so/ /sja/ /sjɯ/ /sjo/ • ザ ジ ズ ゼ ゾ ジャ ジュ ジョ • [ʣa] [ʤi] [ʣɯ] [ʣe] [ʣo] [ʤa] [ʤɯ] [ʤo] • [ʣ] ~ [z] • [ʤ] ~ [ʒ] (in rapid speech only) • /za/ /zi/ /zɯ/ /ze/ /zo/ /zja/ /zjɯ/ /zjo/

32. タ チ ツ テ ト チャ チュ チョ • [ta] [ʧi] [ʦɯ] [te] [to] [ʧa] [ʧɯ] [ʧo] • /ta/ /ti/ /tɯ/ /te/ /to/ /tja/ /tjɯ/ /tjɯ/ • ダ デ ド • [da] [de] [do] • /da/ /de/ /do/

33. ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ ニャ ニュ ニョ • [na] [nji] [nɯ] [ne] [no] [nja] [njɯ] [njo] • /na/ /ni/ /nɯ/ /ne/ /no/ /nja/ /njɯ/ /njo/

34. ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホ ヒャ ヒュ ヒョ • [ha] [çi] [ɸɯ] [he] [ho] [ça] [çɯ] [ço] • /ha/ /hi/ /hɯ/ /he/ /ho/ /hja/ /hjɯ/ /hjo/ • ファ フィ フェ フォ • [ɸa] [ɸi] [ɸe] [ɸo] • /hwa/ /hwi/ /hwɯ/ /hwe/

35. パ ピ プ ペ ポ ピャ ピュ ピョ • [pa] [pji] [pɯ] [pe] [po] [pja] [pjɯ] [pjo] • /pa/ /pi/ /pɯ/ /pe/ /po/ /pja/ /pjɯ/ /pjo/ • バ ビ ブ ベ ボ ビャ ビュ ビョ • [ba] [bji] [bɯ] [be] [bo] [bja] [bjɯ] [bjo] • /ba/ /bi/ /bɯ/ /be/ /bo/ /bja/ /bjɯ/ /bjo/

36. マ ミ ム メ モ ミャ ミュ ミョ • [ma] [mji] [mɯ] [me] [mo] [mja] [mjɯ] [mjo] • /ma/ /mi/ /mɯ/ /me/ /mo/ /mja/ /mjɯ/ /mjo/ • ヤ ユ ヨ • [ja] [jɯ] [jo] • /ja/ /jɯ/ /jo/

37. ラ リ ル レ ロ リャ リュ リョ • [ɾa] [ɾji] [ɾɯ] [ɾe] [ɾo] [ɾja] [ɾjɯ] [ɾjo] • [ɾ] ~ [r] ~ [l] • /ra/ /ri/ /rɯ/ /re/ /ro/ /rja/ /rjɯ/ /rjo/ • ワ • [wa] • /wa/

38. トン • [toɴ] (~ [toŋ]) • /toN/ • カット • [katto] • /kaQto/ • カート • [ka:to] • /kaRto/