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Assignment Hints

Week 3 Seminar Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents and Antimicrobials/ Antifungals/Antivirals. Assignment Hints. Show your work, so I can give partial credit Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help.

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Assignment Hints

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  1. Week 3 SeminarMeasurement Systems and Their EquivalentsandAntimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals

  2. Assignment Hints • Show your work, so I can give partial credit • Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections • Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help

  3. Three Basic Units of Measurement • Weight – gram (g, gm) • Volume – liter (L) • Length – meter (m)

  4. Sliding Mnemonic Conversions Kilohecto dekaMETER(m)decicentimilli * *micro(µ) LITER(L) GRAM(g) 10-310-2 10-1 <<base>>101 102 103 * * 106 EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ) EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm

  5. Metric Rules • Zero ALWAYS placed before decimal ex: 0.78 (not .78) • **If not included on assignments it will be counted as incorrect • Zero NEVER added to the end ex: 1.01 (not 1.0100) • No fractions ex: 0.1 (not 1/10)

  6. One Meter is… = 1,000,000 micrometers • 1 meter= 1000 millimeters = 100 centimeters = 10 decimeters = 0.1 dekameters = 0.01 hectometers = 0.001 Kilometers

  7. Length Alternate Way • 75mm =____ cm • Remember 1cm = 10mm from page 133 • 75mm x 1cm or 75mm x 1cm 10mm 10mm • mm cross each other out leaving cm • 75/10= 7.5cm

  8. Length Mneumonic Method • 75mm=___cm • K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ • Start @ milli, must move decimal to the left one time to reach centi so move 75 mm to 7.5 cm

  9. Length Alternate Way • 2.5m = mm • 1m = 1000mm (from page 133) • 2.5m x 1000mm or 2.5m x 1000mm 1m 1m • The m cross each other out leaving mm • 2.5 x 1000=2500mm

  10. Length Mneumonic method • 2.5m=____mm • K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ • Start @ meter (base) and move 3 decimal points to the right so 2.5m becomes 2500mm

  11. Length Alternate Way • 3.6 m = mm • Again 1m = 1000mm • 3.6m x 1000mm/1m or • 3.6m x 1000mm 1m • The m cross each other out leaving • 3.6 x 1000mm= 3600mm

  12. Length Mneumonic Method • 3.6m=____mm • K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ • Start @ meter (base) move 3 decimal spaces to the right so 3.6m becomes 3600mm’s

  13. Liter is the metric unit of volume =1,000,000microliters • 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters = 100 centiliters =10 deciliters =0.1 dekaliter =0.01 hectoliter =0.001 kiloliter

  14. Volume Measurement 1 mL = 1cc 1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s 1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s 1 L = 32 ounces (approx) 1L = 1000 mL=1000cc 1L = 1qt (approx)

  15. Volume Conversion Factors ______ cc = 4 L (larger unit) 1000 x 4 = 4000 4000cc = 4 L Rule: 1000 cc = 1 L _____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit) 200 ÷ 1000 = 0.2 0.2 L = 200 mL Rule: 1000 mL= 1 L _____ cc = 560 mL (same) 560 cc = 560 mL Rule: 1 mL = 1 cc

  16. Remember 1cc=1mlAlternate way ______ cc = 4 L _____ L = 200 mL Again 1L = 1000mL 200mL x 1L/1000mL 200mL x 1L 1000mL mL cross out leaving L 200/1000= 0.2L • 1L = 1000mL (page 135) • 4L x 1000cc/1L • 4L x 1000cc 1L • L cross out leaving cc • 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc

  17. 4L=____cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ 1cc=1mL Start @ liter (base), move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s 4L=4000ml=4000cc 200ml=____L K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s 200ml=0.2L Volume Mneumonic Method

  18. Volume Conversion Factors ______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit) 8.01 x 1000 = 8010 8010 mL = 8.01 L _____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit) 300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3 300 mL = 0.3 L

  19. 8.01L =___cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Cc=mL Start @ liter (base) move three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s) 8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc 300mL=____L K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left 300mL=0.3L Volume Mneumonic Method

  20. Metric Measure of Weight Gram =1,000,000micrograms • 1 gram= 1000 mg = 100 centigrams = 10 decigrams = 0.1 dekagram = 0.01 hectogram = 0.001 kilogram

  21. Most Commonly Used • Milligram • Gram • Kilogram • 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g) • 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or kilo)

  22. Weight Measurement 1 kg = 2.2 pounds 1 kg = 1000 g 1 mg = 0.001g 1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg

  23. Weight Alternate Way _____ mg = 8 g _____ mg = 635 mcg 1mg =1000mcg Page 136 635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg or 635mcg x 1mg 1000mcg mcg cross each other out 635/1000= 0.635mcg Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136 8g x 1000mg/1g or 8g x 1000mg 1g g cross each other out 8 x 1000= 8000mg

  24. 8g=____mg K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ gram (base) and move 3 units to the right to get milligrams 8g to the right becomes 8000mg 635mcg(µ)=____mg K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ mcg(µ) and move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams 635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg Weight Mneumonic Method

  25. Review • Remember 1kg=2.2lbs • How much will a 160lb person weigh in kilograms?

  26. Answer • 160lbs x 1kg = 72.2kg 2.2lbs The pounds cancel each other leaving kg.

  27. Review • One teaspoon is how many mls?

  28. Answer • 5mls

  29. Review • One gram = x milligrams • One liter = x milliliters • One Meter = x millimeters

  30. Answer • One gram = 1000milligrams • One Liter = 1000 milliliters • One meter= 1000 millimeters

  31. Questions

  32. Drug Classes ANTIBIOTICS

  33. Chapter 18 Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life. Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria. Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.

  34. When choosing an Antibiotic Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient. Match bug to drug, if possible What is the organism, what drugs is it sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.

  35. Antibiotic Resistance The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops. Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute. No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

  36. Penicillin • First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s • Remain the most effective and least toxic of available antimicrobials. • Changes in the chemical structure of the penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease. • Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names • Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade

  37. How Penicillins are Classified • Narrow-spectrum • First generation • Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal • Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains • Broad-Spectrum • Second generation • Effective against a broader spectrum • Extended-spectrum • Third generation • Wider antimicrobial action than second

  38. Side Effects of Penicillins Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics Allergic reactions-rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions than other medications Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy. A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

  39. Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”) • First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics • Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline • Short Acting : Tetracycline • Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can decrease effectiveness • Harmful if used after the expiration date. • Side effects • Sun sensitivity • Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs. • Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

  40. Macrolide Antibiotics “ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease) Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches

  41. Other Abx Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin) Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin

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