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CHAPTER. 2. The Crime Picture. The Criminal Justice Funnel. The Value of Data. Data are valuable and can be used to Shape public policy Analyze and evaluate existing programs Create new programs Plan new laws Develop funding requests. Sources of Data.

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  1. CHAPTER 2 • The Crime Picture

  2. The • Criminal • Justice • Funnel

  3. The Value of Data • Data are valuable and can be used to • Shape public policy • Analyze and evaluate existing programs • Create new programs • Plan new laws • Develop funding requests

  4. Sources of Data • Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) • Offender self-reports • Other regular publications • Example: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics

  5. Uniform Crime Reports

  6. Uniform Crime Reports • Established by the FBI in 1930. • Approximately 16,000 police agencies voluntarily provide data. • Only crimes known to the police are included. • Most information reported as rates of crime. • The UCR contains the Crime Index. • Uses the hierarchy rule.

  7. UCR: Crime Index The Index is made up of Part I Offenses (excluding arson). • Part I Offenses • Violent Crime • murder, rape, robbery, assault • Property Crime • burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

  8. UCR: Crime Rates • number of crimes 100,000 population CrimeRate= Rates allow for comparison across areas and times.

  9. Actual and Projected Rates of Crime (1950–2010)

  10. The FBI Crime Clock

  11. UCR: Clearance Rates • number of crimes solved • number of crimes committed ClearanceRate= Clearances are based on arrests, not judicial dispositions.

  12. Crimes Cleared by Arrest, 2005

  13. Major Crimes Known to the Police, 2005

  14. Major Crimes UCR Classifications of Part I Offenses

  15. Murder • …the unlawful killing of a human being by another. • Includes: • All willful and unlawful homicides • Non-negligent manslaughter • Excludes: • Suicides • Deaths caused by accidents or negligence • Attempted murders

  16. Data on Murder • Least likely Part I offense to occur • High clearance rate • Rates peak during warmer months • Most common in southern states • People age 20–24 are most at risk • Most perpetrators are age 20–24 • Weapon most often used: firearms • Most often, victim and offender were “acquaintances” • Unborn Victims of Violence Act (2004)

  17. Murder: Multiple Killings • Spree—two or more people, killed on more than one occasion, over an extended period of time. • Mass—three or more people, killed in a single event, by an offender who typically does not seek concealment of the crime. • Serial—several victims killed in three or more separate events and over time.

  18. Forcible Rape • …the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. • Includes: • Assault or attempt to commit rape by force or threat of force • Excludes: • Assault if victim is male • Statutory rape (without force) • Same-sex rapes • Other sex offenses

  19. Forcible Rape: One of the Most Underreported Violent Crimes • Many victims do NOT report because they: • Think the police won’t be able to catch the suspect. • Believe that the police will be unsympathetic. • Want to avoid the embarrassment of publicity. • Fear reprisal by the rapist. • Fear additional “victimization” by court proceedings. • Want to keep family/friends from knowing.

  20. Rate of Reported Rape, 1960–2005

  21. Forcible Rape • Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of the victim, as in the case of date rape. • Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful. • Use of the “date rape drug” Rohypnol is rising.

  22. Robbery • …the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. • Excludes: • Pick pocketing • Purse snatching

  23. Robbery (2005 Data) • Characteristics of targets: • Most are individuals • Banks, gas stations, convenience stores, and other businesses • Residential • Characteristics of robbers: • 89% are male • 43.8% are under age 25 • 58% are minorities

  24. Robbery (2005 Data) • Characteristics of robberies: • Highway (44.1%) • Strong arm (39.7%) • Gun involved (42%) • Knife involved (7.1%) • Gun discharged (20%) Robbery rates in 2005 (per 100,000): • Large cities–379 • Rural areas–16.2

  25. Aggravated Assault • …unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another. • Includes: • Attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used. • The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury. • Excludes: • Simple assaults

  26. Aggravated Assault (2005 Data) • 55% clearance rate • Summer months highest number reported • February, November, and December lowest number reported • Most were committed with: • Blunt object (35.9%) • Hands and feet (25%) • Guns (21%) • Knives (18.2%)

  27. Burglary • …unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. • Types of burglaries: • Forcible entry • Unlawful entry without force • Attempted forcible entry

  28. Burglary (2005 Data) • 2.1 million reported burglaries: • 60.7% forcible entries • 33% unlawful entries without force • 6.3% are attempted forcible entries • $3.7 billion in losses (average: $1,725) • victim home 10% of the time • most during the day • The clearance rate was only 12.7%.

  29. Larceny–theft …unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another. Motor vehicles thefts are excluded.

  30. Larceny–theft • Includes (in declining order of frequency): • Theft from motor vehicles • Shoplifting • Theft from buildings • Theft of motor vehicle parts and accessories • Bicycle thefts • Theft from coin-operated machines • Purse snatching • Pocket picking

  31. Larceny–theft • Great variance in types and value of items stolen. • Is the most frequently reported crime (yet still greatly underreported). • In 2005, there were 6,776,807 larcenies nationwide, with the total value of property stolen around $5.2 billion. • The average value of items reported stolen in 2005 was $764.

  32. Motor Vehicle Theft …the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A “motor vehicle” is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on land and not on rails.

  33. Includes automobiles motorcycles motor scooters trucks buses snowmobiles Excludes trains airplanes bulldozers most farm equipment ships boats spacecraft Motor Vehicle Theft

  34. Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Theft (2005 Data) • Over 1.2 million reported: • High report rate • 13.1% clearance rate • Clearance rates are higher in rural areas • $7.6 billion in losses (average: $6,173) • Typical offender: young male • 52% under 25 • 82.4% male

  35. Carjacking Carjacking...the taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by force. • Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery, not a motor vehicle theft. • It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts.

  36. Arson …the burning or attempted burning of property, with or without the intent to defraud. …does not include fires of unknown or suspicious origins. …became a Part I offense in 1979.

  37. Arson • Most common type of arson is the burning of structures, followed by the burning of vehicles. • Low clearance rate—17.9% • $1 billion in losses (average: $14,910)

  38. Part II Offenses • Part II offenses are less serious than Part I • offenses and include many social order • offenses, such as: • Simple assault • Driving under the influence • Prostitution • Vandalism • Receiving stolen property • Fraud • Embezzlement

  39. UCR Part II Offenses, 2005

  40. NIBRS: The New UCR • National Incident Based • Reporting System • Incident driven, rather than summary based • FBI started this program in 1989. • Goals: to enhance and improve crime data collection, analysis, and publication.

  41. NIBRS • National Incident Based • Reporting System • Includes nature of the disposition of the complaint • Replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses.

  42. NIBRS 22 offenses include:

  43. NIBRS Also collects data on:

  44. Differences Between the UCR and NIBRS

  45. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) • Began operation in 1972 • Based on victim self-reports from people 12 years of age or older • Uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics • Work with a sample of more than 134,000 • people from 77,200 households • Designed to measure the “dark figure” of • crime

  46. crimes known to the police dark figure Dark Figure of Crime all crime

  47. NCVS • Includes data on: • Robbery • Assault • Burglary • Personal and household larceny • Motor vehicle theft • Rape

  48. NCVS Statistics Reveal • 2005—crime rates at lowest level in years • 14% of all households are touched by crime • 23 million victimizations each year • About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported. • About 40% of all property crime is reported. • Victims are more likely: • Men • Younger people • African American • City residents • Lower income (for violent victimization)

  49. NCVS • Household crime rates are highest for households: • Headed by younger people • Headed by African-Americans • With six or more members • Headed by renters • Located in central cities

  50. Comparison of UCR and NCVS Data, 2005

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