You Believe in Magic of you Believe in Math The Changing Economics and Regulation of Health Care

1. You Believe in Magic of you Believe in MathThe Changing Economics and Regulation of Health Care R. Lawrence Van Horn, Ph.D, MPH, MBA Executive Director for Health Affairs Associate Professor of Economics and Management Associate Professor of Health Policy Associate Professor of Law

2. Disclaimer • The opinions expressed forthwith are my own and do not reflect the views of • My employer • The logically and mathematically challenged. • Economics is focused on the equilibrium • Not so good at timing and path to the equilibrium.

3. Roadmap • The macro math challenge – big picture • Take-aways from health care reform • Macro business implications • Impact on economic growth • What does the future look like? • What should you do about it?

4. A 45 year perspective

5. A 45 years ago…..(the good ol’ days)Economic Tension existed. • When I was a kid my parents paid for my visits to the pediatrician out of pocket. • We had major medical which reimbursed my parents for 80% of the cost of hospital care. • Elderly lived with their families. • As a population we were thinner. • People took few prescription drugs.

6. 25 Years Ago( the great undoing) • Growing health care cost inflation • Growth of HMOs ruined price sensitivity • Comprehensive health benefit • Low cost sharing – copays • Acknowledgement that health care costs were a problem for individuals and companies. Larry before he began Worrying about health care

7. Today • I spend less out of pocket to take my kids to the pediatrician than my parents did 40 years ago. • My grandma lives in a nursing home a state responsibility rather than my family • I am a balding middle aged fat man with a BMI of 30. • I take 6 prescription drugs a day. • I struggle to make good decisions

8. Today - sadly • I engage in health care transactions daily which are value destroying. • I have little ownership over my health. • My employer offers me $240 to fill out a health risk assessment hoping I will change my behavior.

9. Economic PICTURE

10. The financial picture of the Jones Family (husband / wife and 2 kids) • Income $28,220 • Expenses $35,520 • Shortfall $7,300 • Credit Card Balance $175,400 • Needed for Retirement $540,000 But wait there is more ……

11. The financial picture of the Jones Family (husband / wife and 2 kids) • Income $28,220 • Expenses $35,520 • Shortfall $7,300 • Credit Card Balance $175,400 • Needed for Retirement $540,000 But wait there is more …… Now multiply by $100 million and you have our Federal Budget.

12. The Current Sad State of Affairs

15. 2011

16. Why Debt Matters • Debt beyond 90%-100% depresses economic growth (Reinhardt & Rogoff) • All debt is not equal • Debt which results in future growth – may be good • Debt to fund current consumption – bad • We will hit a “bang point” • Lenders stop lending • Financial manipulation won’t work anymore

18. Problem with Interest • Current debt is 37% higher than pre-crisis average. • When the economy recovers and the government debt rolls over, that additional debt is going to increase government net interest payments by about 1.85 percent of GDP • How much is 1.85% of GDP

19. 1.85% of GDP is a LOT! (approx. $325B) • Equivalent to spending this year on all military personnel (uniformed + civilian) + all science, space, and technology research + all spending on the environment, conservation, national parks, and natural resources + all spending on highways, airports, bridges, and all other transportation infrastructure.

20. Source: New York Times January 2012

21. Entitlement Program Participation 2013 • 1.2M HUD households • 47.8M on SNAP (food stamps) which increased by 1M last year. • 5.6M receiving unemployment insurance for 99 weeks • 58M on Medicaid, 72.5M on Medicaid at least 1 month • 50M on Medicare • 11-12M on permanent disability Size of US military 1.5M

22. Source: New York Times January 2012

23. Nearly Half of All Americans Don’t Pay Income Taxes

26. The 20% impossibility proposition You can’t get more than 20% of GDP through current tax system

27. Medicare Facts • When Medicare was first established, we were told that it would cost about $12 billion a year by the time 1990 rolled around.  Instead, the federal government ended up spending $110 billion on the program in 1990, and the federal government spent approximately $600 billion on the program in 2013.

28. MEDICARE is everything! • The Medicare trustees report states that we are currently 37 TRILLION dollars short on our current obligations. • Since 2001 Benefits have increased by 23.5% • Add Medicaid and other entitlements and we end up 54 TRILLION dollars short. • To put this in perspective the US GDP is around 17 trillion.

29. Philosopher David Hume 1752 • It must, indeed, be one of these two events; either the nation must destroy public credit, or public credit will destroy the nation. • It is certain, that national debts cause a mighty confluence of people and riches to the capital, making the head too large for the body.

30. Money flowing to the greater DC area

32. 30 former staffers have moved to K street • Former Rep. Earl Pomeroy (D-N.D.) joined Alston & Bird in 2011 after dealing with healthcare and tax issues as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee.Former senior counsel to HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius Dora Hughes became a senior policy adviser at the law firm Sidley Austin last year. 

33. The Disconnect

34. The biggest problem - Cultural • We feel comfortable consuming healthcare and miraculously having “insurance” [other people’s money] pay for it. • We don’t value much of what we consume in excess of the cost. • Consider the well child visit. • We don’t feel comfortable making cost part of the conversation around tradeoffs. • If we increase quality cost will magically drop.

35. How much did you pay in Medicare? • Assume somebody turns 65 and becomes eligible for Medicare this year. • Started paying in 1969. • Based on a median wage earner contributing for 42 years: • Only Payroll Tax $55,428 • With Income Tax $118,705 • If invested? $224,955 • Expected benefit $259,174 $140,469 Unfunded $1.4B / day $511B / year

36. Number needed to pay– my dear mom • Knee Replacement • Cost $20,000 • Aetna Medicare Advantage Cost to mom = $0, $45/ visit Number of Median worker’s total Medicare payroll deductions required to pay for my mom’s knee? PRICELESS? NO – 20 Median working American’s entire Medicare payroll tax deduction necessary to fund.

37. Summary • Public Payors will not be able to sustain current level of expenditures. • Short-run - Pay less for services • Longer term: Buy different set of services • Society wide economic headwinds are significant and likely will persist for decades. • It will be difficult / impossible to grow our way out of this imbalance.

38. Health Care Reform

39. The Problem – the Uninsured • About 45 – 47 million uninsured • 11 million have income below the poverty line. • 12 million have incomes in excess of 300% of the FPL ($66,000). • 5 million have incomes in excess of 500% of the FPL ( $110,000) • 10 million are not US citizens. • 25% are eligible for Medicaid but haven’t signed up. Source: http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/Reports/05/uninsured-cps/index.htm

40. High level – Health Reform • Juices the demand side • Expected 32M more customers • Currently looking like 11M • Enhanced expectations – free prevention • Subsidized insurance through exchange for up to 65% of population (400% FPL) • Relies on silver bullets on supply side for fix • ACOs • Value Based Payment • Bundled Payment • Patient Centered Medical Homes (PCMH)

42. Feb 2, 2014 • "At the beginning of this year, we noted that as part of this new day in health care, Americans would no longer be trapped in a job just to provide coverage for their families, and would have the opportunity to pursue their dreams," he said. "This CBO report bears that out, and the Republican plan to repeal the ACA would strip those hard-working Americans of that opportunity."

44. American Action Forum – Doug Holtz Eakin Feb 2014

45. Expectation: 2.7M / 39%

46. We Need to do business differently – the hope!

47. An innovation example – Arvind Eye • Arvind physician performs 2000 surgeries per year compared with US surgeon of 400. • Production line approach • Lenses were an input cost problem at $150 a piece. Arvind created Aurolab and manufactured themselves at a cost of $2-$4 a piece.

50. The answer WILL be driven by the customer.