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2 nd or 3 rd year of Arts and interested in:

2 nd or 3 rd year of Arts and interested in: Building 16-months of paid experience before you graduate? Clarifying career goals and interests? Gaining job search skills? Apply to Arts Co-op Learn more at an Information Session (50 mins): Wed, Sep 17 4:00 pm Buch A205

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2 nd or 3 rd year of Arts and interested in:

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  1. 2nd or 3rd year of Arts and interested in: • Building 16-months of paid experience before you graduate? • Clarifying career goals and interests? • Gaining job search skills? Apply to Arts Co-op Learn more at an Information Session (50 mins): Wed, Sep 17 4:00 pm Buch A205 Thur, Sep 18 12:30 pm Geog 100 Mon, Sep 22 12:00 pm Biol 2449 Tues, Sep 23 3:00 pm Wesb 201 Wed, Sep 24 5:00 pm Buch A202 Tues, Sep 30 4:00 pm Buch A104 Application Deadline: Monday, October 6th @ 4:00 pm http://co-op.arts.ubc.ca

  2. Breakthrough Research • Science does not conform to the “Ah-Ha!” model • Again – portrayed in the media Most science

  3. The Connectivity Model • The Connectivity Model = a new theory must make contact with previously established empirical facts • It must explain old AND new facts • It can explain old facts in a new way • Incorporation of old and new information ensures the cumulative progress of science

  4. The Connectivity Model • Theories are connected • Theories will compete for superiority until any unexplained data is accounted for • No one ‘Ah-ha’ experiment, but the accumulation of many

  5. Connectivity & Pseudo-science • Beware! Pseudo-scientific claims ignore the connectivity model! • Newness factor • Pseudo-scientopia

  6. Converging Evidence • If data used to back up claims – where is it coming from? • Pseudo-science uses their own data • Science uses data from many areas – converging evidence • Ex: Pseudo-scienceScience special reader physics own scales anatomy

  7. Converging Evidence • No experiment is perfect • Always some ambiguity when interpreting any one experiment • There are many ways to confound an experiment • To find the truth we look at many slightly flawed experiments (assuming they are flawed in different ways) • Look for trends in large set of experiments

  8. Converging Evidence • Principle of convergence provides strong evidence from many partially flawed experiments • Just as theories are “proven” using converging evidence, so are theories disconfirmed • Theories are not abandoned based on one piece of contradictory data(usually)

  9. Converging Evidence • If police find your fingerprints at the scene of a murder, you may or may not be guilty • If they also find your wallet, shoe print, tire tracks, and DNA at the scene and the victim’s prized Picasso painting is now hanging in your living room, well you might be in trouble…

  10. HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS • Hypothesis: A tentative idea or question that is waiting for evidence to support or refute it • Prediction: A statement that makes an assertion concerning what will occur in a particular research investigation

  11. Theories, Hypotheses, & Predictions • It is possible to prove that a theory & a hypothesis are false, but it is impossible to prove that they are true • We don’t prove theories or hypotheses, we support or confirm them • Predictions can be incorrect

  12. WHO WE STUDY: A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY • Participants (APA preferred) • Subjects • Respondents • Informants

  13. SOURCES OF IDEAS • Common Sense / Intuition • Observation of the World Around Us • Theories • Organize and explain • Generate new knowledge • Modified by new research • Past Research • Practical Problems

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