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NUTRITIONAL ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SWIMMING DON MACLAREN

NUTRITIONAL ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SWIMMING DON MACLAREN. WHAT IS AN ERGOGENIC AID?. A product that purports to Improve performance. ENERGY SOURCES, FATIGUE AND SWIMMING EVENTS. Creatine Alkalinisers Caffeine Β -alanine/carnosine. ERGOGENIC AIDS TO FOCUS ON. ENERGY SOURCES: PCr. Cr.

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NUTRITIONAL ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SWIMMING DON MACLAREN

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  1. NUTRITIONAL ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SWIMMINGDON MACLAREN

  2. WHAT IS AN ERGOGENIC AID? A product that purports to Improve performance

  3. ENERGY SOURCES, FATIGUE AND SWIMMING EVENTS

  4. Creatine Alkalinisers Caffeine Β-alanine/carnosine ERGOGENIC AIDS TO FOCUS ON

  5. ENERGY SOURCES: PCr

  6. Cr ATP Cr ATP PCr ADP PCr ADP EXERCISE RECOVERY

  7. CREATINE INGESTION: 5 days @ 20g/d 160 150 140 TCr mmol/kg dm 130 120 110 Maximum loading

  8. 4 x 5g 4 x 3g 1-2 x 3g CREATINE LOADING 0 5 10 15 20 25 Days to complete loading

  9. Increases Total muscle Cr Increases possibility of resynthesis of PCr Enhances muscle buffering ADP + PCr + H+→ ATP + Cr Causes muscle swelling and ↑ protein synthesis CREATINE: how it may work?

  10. Unlikely on single bouts More likely to help repeated bouts May not help running-based activities More likely to help cycling ad swimming Enhances Strength Increases body mass STUDIES ON CREATINE

  11. Single sprints – 9 studies (n=173) 7 NS; 2 → 2% improvement Repeated sprints – 10 studies (n=186) 9 studies – improvement 1 study – NS Body composition – 12 studies (N=183 ) 7 No change (4-6 days) 5 → + 0.6-1% ↑ Body Mass CREATINE & SWIMMING

  12. ENERGY SOURCES: ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS Lactate production

  13. Enhance blood buffering (HCO3 and BE) NOT ↑ in muscle buffer Increases lactate and H+ efflux from cell ALKALINISERS: how they may work?

  14. LACTATE EFFLUX CAPILLARY MUSCLE CAPILLARY HCO3 HCO3 H+ HCO3 La pH 7.4 pH- 7.8 pH -6.5 pH – 7.0 H+ HCO3 La HCO3 HCO3

  15. Unlikely to help short bouts <60s More likely to help repeated short bouts Can help in events lasting up to 30’ Chronic loading also helps Variety of sporting activities STUDIES ON ALKALINISERS

  16. ALKALINISERS & SWIMMING • Gao et al (1988) EJAP 58:171 • 10 male college swimmers • 5 x 100yds • 0.25 g/kg HCO3 60’ before test • 2 x HCO3; 2 x Pl; 1 x nothing

  17. Pierce et al (1991) JSS 10: 255-259 7 male college swimmers 1 x 100yd then 2 x 200yd Pl v C v HCO3 (0.2g/kg) given 60’ before swim 100yd – Pl (54.08); C (52.86); HCO3 (53.63) 2 x 200yd – HCO3 0.41% and 0.9% faster than C Pl -1.11% and 0.02% compared with C None of the results were significant ALKALINISERS & SWIMMING

  18. CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE USE OF BICARBONATE/CITRATE • Dose – 0.3 g Kg-1 BM of HCO3 or citrate • Timing – at least 90 min before exercise • Period of ingestion – 30 to 60 min • Events – 60 s or longer • repeated sprints (total work)

  19. CAFFEINE: studies on endurance capacity

  20. Promotes adrenaline secretion Phosphodiesterase inhibition Adenosine antagonist Intra-cellular Ca2+ release CAFFEINE: how it may work?

  21. COSTILL (1978) MODEL OF CAFFEINE ACTION

  22. CAFFEINE AND CALCIUM

  23. CAFFEINE and ADENOSINE

  24. Collomp et al (1992) 7 Tr and 7 UTr swimmers 2 x 100m with 20’ recovery 250mg Caf or Pl 60’ before Caf – P<0.01 improvement in swim velocity (Tr) NS – UTr or Pl CAFFEINE & SWIMMING

  25. CAFFEINE & SWIMMING MacIntosh & Wright (1995) • 7 Tr swimmers • 1500m • 6mg/kg Caf or Pl 150’ before • Caf – P<0.05 improvement (20:58.8 v 21:21.8) • Also ↓ RPE in 100m warm-up before swim

  26. Pruscino et al (2008) IJSNEM 18: 6 elite male 2 x 200m with 30’ recovery Pl v HCO3 (0.3g/kg) v Caf (6mg/kg) v Caf+HCO3 1st 200m – Pl (2:03.77); B (2:03.01); C (2:02:42); C+B (2:01.69) 2nd 200m – Pl (2:04.22); B (2:02.62); C (2:03.90); C+B (2:01.70) NS – P=0.06 CAFFEINE, HCO3 & SWIMMING

  27. Carnosine is a major intracellular buffer Carnosine is made from beta-alanine + histidine Could ingestion of either carnosine or beta-alanine result in enhanced carnosine levels in muscle? If so, does this increase lead to an improvement in high intensity performance? B-alanine and carnosine: the new kids on the block??

  28. Derave et al (2007) – JAP 103, 1736-1743 15 male athletes ingested 4.8g beta-alanine/day or Pl for 4 wk Increase in muscle carnosine (soleus & gastroc) Increase in knee extension torque No sig diff in 400m run or isometric endurance Β-alanine: new kid on the block!

  29. Hill et al (2007) Amino Acids 32:225-233 13 male subjects + 12 matched controls B-alanine for 10 wks (4g/day) Total work done on cycle at 110% Wmax Muscle carnosine ↑ 58.8% (4wk) and 80.1% (10wk) Increased equally in both Type I and Type IIa TWD – ↑ 13% (4wk) and further 3.2% (10 wk) TWD – unchanged in control Β-alanine: new kid on the block!

  30. Creatine – YES for repeated sprints YES (?) for single sprints Alkalinisers – YES(?) for events > 50m Caffeine – YES for sprints and prolonged Β-Alanine – Potential (?) 50m-200m CONCLUSIONS

  31. Diving Water polo Synchronised swimming OTHER AQUATIC SPORTS

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