UNIT 10 - Modern Civil Rights

1. 1950’s – 1990’s UNIT 10 - Modern Civil Rights 1963 March on Washington – delivery of the famous “I Have a Dream” Speech !!!

2. Post-War Period thru 1950’s • GI Bill • Baby Boom Era • Annual income went up to 4400$ • Automobiles, radial tires • McDonalds • Rock-n-Roll, • new medicines, • polio vaccine, Johnson-n-Johnson, • SaranWrap, Velcro

3. 1950’s - 1970’s Life • New shows on TV: I Love Lucy, Ed Sullivan, Bonanza • Religious: Billy Graham, Oral Roberts • Variety Shows: Elvis Presley & Beetles • Major Stations: CBS, ABC, NBC, then cable, Ted Turner created TBS “Superstation” b/c it included the 24-hour news network called CNN

4. WORLD/POLITICAL CHANGES • Cold War – US & Soviet Union relationship crumbles • Soviet people were not allowed freedoms as in the US, and they were limited in a “iron grip”. • Winston Churchill called this the “Iron Curtain” • Soviet government continued a policy of Communism • US was scared that communism would spread to the US so we adopted a foreign policy of “Containment” • Containment - prevents the SU from taking over other countries and spreading communism….this will lead the US into the Korean & Vietnam Wars

5. THE COLD WAR 1947-1991 The Berlin Wall Photograph taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing from Communism. It was an iconic symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the end of the War – this is when President Reagan said, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

6. KOREAN WAR 1950-1953 • Korea divided along the 38° Parallel • N.Korea – communistic • Invaded S.Korea • United Nations & US supported S.Korea • China supported N.Korea • Long, intense, very bloody war with NO WINNER… everything stayed the same

7. Armistice – • 38th Parallel will divide N.Korea & S.Korea • This area will be called the DMZ (demilitarized zone) • N.Korea would remain communistic • S.Korea would remain a democracy

8. VIETNAM WAR 1955-1975 • North Vietnam = communism • South Vietnam = democracy • This will be the first TV war – with all of its blood and gore

9. TV War affected the American People like never before • Blood, gore, our men, our sons… • The war was for not…communism won • Our boys came home and were mistreated – not respected • The government reported one thing – TV showed another

10. GEORGIA during… this time of small wars… • Georgia’s economy benefits greatly • (1) need of arms/weapons (arms race) • (2) need for military preparedness • Textile firms supplied clothing/uniforms & sheets • Agriculture was out (not the dominant economy) – manufacturing more important & led to significant growth of cities

11. Senator Richard Russell introduced bill… • National School Lunch Act – this gave lunch to kids at school…it also used up the gov. surplus of foods during the New Deal days • New Businesses – moved into Georgia because of (1) good weather (2) low taxes (3) and a non-union state…this would help the businesses make higher profits and pay low wages. • Growth of aviation – Lockhead • Medicine expansion – CDC (Center for Disease Control….near Emory University)

12. 1946 Three Governors Race • Reporters in a frenzy over the controversy of the governor’s race Talmadge (Eugene & Herman), Arnall, Thompson

13. Eugene Talmadge was elected governor in November, 1946, but died the next month. • SO, WHO was to be Governor….A legal “mess” resulted. • Ellis Arnall, the outgoing governor, figured he was still governor because there was no one to replace him. • Herman Talmadge(Eugene’s son) thought he should be governor because he had received write-in votes during the ’46 election. • M. E. Thompson was elected Lieutenant Governor — he felt the office of governor fell to him . ***So, there were 3men who all said they were governor — Three Governors.

14. Meanwhile, • “Governor” Herman Talmadgechanged the locks on the executive office, so Arnall couldn’t get into the office. • “Governor” Arnallmoved his office to the lobby. • The rest of the country viewed this as typical of Southern politics; many Georgians, however, were not happy about the tarnish on their state’s image. • The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that M. E. Thompson was the proper governor in March, 1947, and called for a special election in September, 1948, to resolve the issue permanently. • SO, Arnallleft office. Herman Talmadgeaccepted the Court’s decision, and M. E. Thompson was governor until Herman Talmadgebeat him in the September special election.

15. 1948 – 1954 Governor Herman Talmadge • Restructured state highways • Created GA Forestry Commission • Created County Health Departments • Expanded school from 8th grade to 12th grade • School year from 7 months to 9 months • Required educational standards

16. 1962 – County Unit Vote • Federal Courts ruled this unconstitutional • Ruling: ONE PERSON = ONE VOTE no matter where you live! • Political Power shifted and the General Assembly had to reapportion the voting districts

17. CLASS DISCUSSIONS - - - - • Jim Crow Laws • Brown vs BOE 1954 • NAACP • Sibley Commission • Hunter & Holmes & UGA • Rosa Parks • Boycotts • Unconstitutional Segregation 1956 • SCLC • SNCC 1961 • JFK + LBJ • 1962 Ivan Allen & the removal of signs • Civil Rights Act 1964 • Voting Rights Act 1965 • Selma March • Assassination MLK • William Hartsfield • Hank Aaron/Atlanta Braves

18. Gov. LESTER MADDOX • Elected 1967 • Segregationist • After his businesses closed & he was elected to office, he blamed Congress & Pres. Johnson for Civil Rights Laws • Still he began to change with the times… he appointed numerous blacks to office • “People’s Days” – 2x/month public discuss issues w/Gov

20. MAYOR MAYNARD JACKSON • Mayor of Atlanta 1970’s • Tackled police problems • Listened to the people • Improved airport; offered arts • Put art displays in all government buildings/offices/libraries/capitol/etc • Started MARTA • Restored the Cyclorama at the Zoo

21. ANDREW YOUNG • Worked with MLK and learned about the importance of civil rights and working together • Mayor of Atlanta 1980’s • Improved infrastructure • Brought new business & international business to Atlanta • Helped bring Olympics to Atlanta

22. ERA – TITLE 9 and NOW • EQUAL RIGHTS ADMINISTRATION – this guaranteed rights would not be denied b/c of sex/gender • TITLE IX – prohibited discrimination whether in academics or athletics • NOW – National Organization of Women – economic and legal rights for all women

23. Watergate & Pres. Nixon • President during the Vietnam War • (+) was that he worked to open lines of communication and business with China • (-) was with the Watergate Scandal • 1972 – burglars bugged offices in Watergate Building • 1973 – officials found that Nixon was bugging conversations in the White House as well as gov. officials at the Watergate Building • Pres Nixon denies this; however, his own tapes shows he was aware of all and participated

24. Nixon resigned the office of the Presidency before Congress could IMPEACH him.

25. 1956 State Flag ISSUE • 1956 Flag has the confederate battle emblem • CONTROVERSY b/c of division within the state • People and businesses did not agree • Tradition vs change • Tourism was negatively affecting business

26. President Jimmy Carter • 1970-1974 GA Governor • 1977-1980 President • Reorganized state gov • Reduced 300 agencies down to 25 • Gave equal funding to all public schools • Only GA President • Negotiated peace treaty between Egypt (Sadat) & Israel (Begin) • Negotiated the release of 42 hostages in Iran (444 days) …..awarded NOBEL PEACE PRIZE for his work

27. Israel Egypt Peace Agreement

28. President Ronald Reagan • President 1981-1989 • Strong leadership • Believed in • less gov in peoples lives • Fewer taxes on business to build stronger small busin • Lowered taxes • Strong economy = people & business investing • Strong defense • $200 Million debt due to Congress over spending on social programs

29. 1996 Olympic Games • Brought increase business to Georgia • Built world class facilities • Brought international business to GA • Allowed training programs • Economic impact increased to the millions