CS 4332 Introduction to Database Systems

1. CS 4332Introduction to Database Systems Byron Gao

2. Logistics • Instructor: Byron Gao • Page: http://cs.txstate.edu/~jg66/ • Course page • Textbook • workload • Grading: nice curve, but won’t please • History (usually you get what you expect) • Weighting • Late policy • Academic honesty • TRACS: https://tracs.txstate.edu/portal

3. Objective • Provide in-depth introduction to database management systems, emphasizing how to design a database and use a DBMS effectively • Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) • Relational algebra • Structured Query Language (SQL) • Database design • Web application • Data warehousing and data mining • XML data and unstructured data management

4. Overview of Database Systems Chapter 1

5. What Is a DBMS? • Science paradigms: empirical, theoretical, computational, data-intensive • Data deluge, information explosion, information overload • Databases (structured), data mining, information retrieval • DBA … data scientists (more data mining, analytics …) • A very large, integrated collection of data • Models real-world enterprise • Entities (e.g., students, courses) • Relationships (e.g., Madonna is taking CS 4332) • A Database Management System (DBMS)is a software package designed to store and manage databases

6. Example: use of structured data mysql -u jg66 -h mysql.cs.txstate.edu –p show databases; use jg66; show tables; select * from Sailors; select * from Boats; select * from Reserves; Find the names of sailors who’ve reserved a red boat? SELECT S.sname FROM Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R WHERE S.sid=R.sid and B.bid=R.bid and B.color="red";

7. More examples Find the colors of boats reserved by Lubber? SELECT B.color FROM Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R WHERE S.sid=R.sid and B.bid=R.bid and S.sname="Lubber"; Find sid’s of sailors who’ve reserved red but not green boats? Find the age of the youngest sailor with age 18, for each rating with at least 2 such sailors? Find those ratings for which the average age is the minimum over all ratings?

8. Historical Perspective • Early 60’s: network data model • Charles Bachman, 1973 first Turing award • Late 60’s: hierarchical data model, IBM • 70: relational data model • Edgar Codd, IBM Research, 1981 Turing award • 80’s: • SQL, IBM System-R; • Transactions, concurrent execution of database programs, Jim Gary, 1999 Turing award • Late 80’s and 90’s: • Storing images and text, more complex queries, data warehouses • Internet era, files -> DBMS • Decision support, data mining • Recently, managing unstructured data • DB2, Oracle, Sql Server, Informix ... Ingres, PostgreSql … MySql

9. Files vs. DBMS • OS inadequate • Application must stage large datasets between main memory and secondary storage (e.g., buffering, page-oriented access, 32-bit addressing, etc.) • Special code for different queries • Must protect data from inconsistency due to multiple concurrent users • Crash recovery • Security and access control

10. Why Use a DBMS? • Data independence and efficient access • Reduced application development time • Data integrity and security • Uniform data administration • Concurrent access, recovery from crashes • Reasons not to use DBMS

11. ? Why Study Databases?? • Shift from computation to information • At the “low end”: scramble to webspace (a mess!) • At the “high end”: scientific applications • Datasets increasing in diversity and volume. • Digital libraries, interactive video, Human Genome project, EOS project • ... need for DBMS exploding • DBMS encompasses most of CS • OS, languages, theory, AI, multimedia, logic

12. Data Models • A data modelis a collection of concepts for describing data • Aschemais a description of a particular collection of data, using the given data model • The relational model of datais the most widely used model today • Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns • Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields

13. Levels of Abstraction View 1 View 2 View 3 • Many views, single conceptual (logical) schemaand physical schema • Views describe how users see the data • Conceptual schema defines logical structure • Physical schema describes the files and indexes used Conceptual Schema Physical Schema • Schemas are defined using DDL; data is modified/queried using DML

14. Example: University Database • Conceptual (logical) schema: • Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa:real) • Courses(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer) • Enrolled(sid:string, cid:string, grade:string) • Physical schema: • Relations stored as unordered files • Index on first column of Students • External Schema (View): • course_info(cid:string,enrollment:integer)

15. Data Independence • Applications insulated from how data is structured and stored • Logical data independence: Protection from changes in logical structure of data • Physical data independence: Protection from changes in physical structure of data • One of the most important benefits of using a DBMS!

16. Concurrency Control • Concurrent execution of user programs is essential for good DBMS performance • Because disk accesses are frequent, and relatively slow, it is important to keep the cpu humming by working on several user programs concurrently • Interleaving actions of different user programs can lead to inconsistency: e.g., check is cleared while account balance is being computed • DBMS ensures such problems don’t arise: users can pretend they are using a single-user system

17. Transaction: An Execution of a DB Program • Key concept is transaction, which is an atomicsequence of database actions (reads/writes) • Each transaction, executed completely, must leave the DB in a consistent stateif DB is consistent when the transaction begins • Users can specify some simple integrity constraintson the data, and the DBMS will enforce these constraints • Beyond this, the DBMS does not really understand the semantics of the data. (e.g., it does not understand how the interest on a bank account is computed) • Thus, ensuring that a transaction (run alone) preserves consistency is ultimately the user’s responsibility!

18. Scheduling Concurrent Transactions • DBMS ensures that execution of {T1, ... , Tn} is equivalent to some serial execution T1’ ... Tn’ • Before reading/writing an object, a transaction requests a lock on the object, and waits till the DBMS gives it the lock. All locks are released at the end of the transaction (Strict 2PL locking protocol) • Idea: If an action of Ti (say, writing X) affects Tj (which perhaps reads X), one of them, say Ti, will obtain the lock on X first and Tj is forced to wait until Ti completes; this effectively orders the transactions • What if Tj already has a lock on Y and Ti later requests a lock on Y? (Deadlock!) Ti or Tj is abortedand restarted!

19. Ensuring Atomicity • DBMS ensures atomicity(all-or-nothing property) even if system crashes in the middle of a Xact • Idea: Keep a log(history) of all actions carried out by the DBMS while executing a set of Xacts: • Before a change is made to the database, the corresponding log entry is forced to a safe location. (WAL protocol; OS support for this is often inadequate) • After a crash, the effects of partially executed transactions are undone using the log. (Thanks to WAL, if log entry wasn’t saved before the crash, corresponding change was not applied to database!)

20. The Log • The following actions are recorded in the log: • Ti writes an object: the old value and the new value • Log record must go to disk beforethe changed page! • Ti commits/aborts: a log record indicating this action • Log records chained together by Xact id, so it’s easy to undo a specific Xact (e.g., to resolve a deadlock) • Log is often duplexed and archived on “stable” storage. • All log related activities (and in fact, all CC related activities such as lock/unlock, dealing with deadlocks etc.) are handled transparently by the DBMS

21. Databases make these folks happy ... • End users and DBMS vendors • DB application programmers • e.g. smart webmasters • Database administrator (DBA) • Designs logical /physical schemas • Handles security and authorization • Data availability, crash recovery • Database tuning as needs evolve Must understand how a DBMS works!

22. Query Optimization and Execution Relational Operators Files and Access Methods Buffer Management Disk Space Management DB Structure of a DBMS These layers must consider concurrency control and recovery • A typical DBMS has a layered architecture • The figure does not show the concurrency control and recovery components • This is one of several possible architectures; each system has its own variations

23. Summary • DBMS used to maintain, query large datasets • Benefits include recovery from system crashes, concurrent access, quick application development, data integrity and security. • Levels of abstraction give data independence. • A DBMS typically has a layered architecture • DBAs hold responsible jobs and are well-paid! • DBMS R&D is one of the broadest, most exciting areas in CS