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(OW1K.6) Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures of Optical Fibers &OFDR

(OW1K.6) Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures of Optical Fibers &OFDR. 许聃 1120349161. Introduction. 光时域反射计( Optical Time Domain Reflectometry , OTDR ) 光频域反射计( Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry , OFDR ) 主要利用光纤中的瑞利散射,测量光纤的衰减系数或者光纤中光传播的损耗情况,以此可检测光纤的完整性。. Scatter Properties.

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(OW1K.6) Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures of Optical Fibers &OFDR

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  1. (OW1K.6) Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures of Optical Fibers&OFDR 许聃 1120349161

  2. Introduction • 光时域反射计(Optical Time Domain Reflectometry, OTDR) • 光频域反射计(Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry, OFDR) • 主要利用光纤中的瑞利散射,测量光纤的衰减系数或者光纤中光传播的损耗情况,以此可检测光纤的完整性。

  3. Scatter Properties • In the case of Rayleigh scatter, the coupling coefficient,k(z) is assumed to be a random variable with a small amplitude. An important aspect of this assumption is that each fiber, once drawn, represents a single realization of this random variable.

  4. The persistence of the pattern in the fiber

  5. Statistical properties • Figure 2 shows the measured spectrum of a section of single mode fiber. For an 80nm scan range centered around 1560nm, this represents a weak effect, and for most applications, the scatter can be assumed to be broad band. • The auto-correlation function for the scatter then shows the expected delta correlation as shown in figure 3 • The real part of the scatter has a Gaussian distribution as shown in figure 4.

  6. Spectrum of Rayleigh scatter

  7. Autocorrelation function for Rayleigh scatter

  8. The real part of Rayleigh scatter

  9. Scatter in Fiber Amplifiers • Conventional OTDRs can be used to characterize the gain along the length of an amplifying fiber, but OFDR allows this characterization to be done with much higher spatial resolution. As a demonstration of this capability, a fiber amplifier was measured at multiple levels of pump currents.

  10. OFDR系统结构 • 光频域反射计结构主要包括线性扫频光源、光电探测器、频谱仪(或信号处理单元)等。

  11. 光外差探测原理 • 光外差探测的基本原理是基于两束光的相干。必须采用相干性好的激光器作光源,在接收信号光时同时加入参考光。参考光的频率与信号光频率极为接近,使参考光和信号光在光电探测器的光敏面上形成拍频信号。只要光电探测器对拍频信号的响应速度足够高,就能输出电信号检出信号光中的调制信号来。 • 光学上两列从同一点出发的初相位相同的光波的拍频在数值上等于两列波的频率之差的绝对值。

  12. OFDR工作原理 • 光源输出线性调频的激光,传播常数 经分光镜分为两束:一束经固定反射镜返回,其光程是固定的,为参考光;另一束进入待测光纤,其中部分后向散射朝注入端返回,为信号光。两束光在光电探测器的光敏面发生混频。

  13. 设单模测试光纤长度为L,耦合进入光纤x=0处光波的电场强度为E0,光幅度衰减系数为,后向散射系数为,参考臂反射系数为r,则信号光和参考光的电场可分别表示为:设单模测试光纤长度为L,耦合进入光纤x=0处光波的电场强度为E0,光幅度衰减系数为,后向散射系数为,参考臂反射系数为r,则信号光和参考光的电场可分别表示为:

  14. 光电探测器的平方率特性,其输出电流 待测光纤上任一点x处后向散射信号所对应的光电流频率为。

  15. 若令,则,频率大小正比于散射点位置x,只要该频率小于光电探测器的截止响应频率,光电探测器就会输出相应频率的光电流,其幅度正比于光纤x处的后向散射系数和光功率的大小,从而得到沿待测光纤各处的散射衰减特性,同时可以通过测试频率的最大值来推导出待测光纤的长度,即令x=L则。若令,则,频率大小正比于散射点位置x,只要该频率小于光电探测器的截止响应频率,光电探测器就会输出相应频率的光电流,其幅度正比于光纤x处的后向散射系数和光功率的大小,从而得到沿待测光纤各处的散射衰减特性,同时可以通过测试频率的最大值来推导出待测光纤的长度,即令x=L则。

  16. OFDR系统设计 • OFDR需要计算分析的参数 (1)光源的扫频速度 (2)光源的扫频重复速率 (3)光源的频率啁啾范围 (4)光源的光功率 (5)接收机带宽 ……

  17. OFDR优点 • 高的灵敏度 参考光功率比较大,而后向散射光信号功率很小,故OFDR探测方式的灵敏度远高于OTDR,也就是说在相同动态范围的条件下,OFDR需要的光源光功率要小得多。 • 高的空间分辨率 OTDR分辨率收探测光脉冲宽度限制,而OFDR对应的是辨别待测光纤两个相邻测量点所对应的中频信号的能力,这与频谱仪接收机带宽相关。

  18. OFDR的发展和应用 • 光学相干层析技术应用 • 集成光路诊断应用 • 光通信网络故障诊断应用 • 分布式光纤传感器应用 • ……

  19. Thank you!

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