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v/;k; 3

v/;k; 3. xzkeh.k { ks = ij “ kklu pykuk. caxky dh nhokuh feyus ls daiuh dks Qk;nk. 12 vxLr 1765 dks eqxy ckn”kkg “ kkg vkye f} rh ; us daiuh dks caxky dh nhokuh iznku dhA daiuh dh lsuk dk caxky ij , dN = “ kklu LFkkfir gksukA

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v/;k; 3

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  1. v/;k; 3 xzkeh.k {ks= ij “kklupykuk

  2. caxky dh nhokuhfeyuslsdaiuhdksQk;nk • 12 vxLr 1765 dkseqxyckn”kkg“kkgvkye f}rh; us daiuhdkscaxky dh nhokuhiznkudhA • daiuh dh lsukdkcaxkyij ,dN= “kkluLFkkfirgksukA • laiw.kZjktuhfrd “kfDrdaiuhdsgkFkksaesavkxbZA • uokcviuhvkarfjdvkSjckg~; lqj{kkdsfy, daiuhijiwjhrjglsvkfJrgksx;kA • daiuhlh/ksjktLoolwydjusyxhA • daiuhdkiqfylvkSjU;kf;d “kfDr;ksaijiwjkfu;a=.k LFkkfirgksx;kA • bfrgklesablO;oLFkkdksnksgjh ;k }S/k ljdkjdgktkrkgSA • 1765 lsdaiuhHkkjrh; lkeku [kjhnusdsfy, fczVsulslksukvkSjpk¡nhdkvk;krdjrhFkhysfducaxky dh nhokuhfeyuslsizkIrjktLolsghphtsa [kjhnhtkldrhFkhA

  3. daiuhdksnhokuhfeyuslscaxky dh turkijD;kizHkkoiM+s\ • caxky dh turkijvR;kpkjksadk c<+ukA • Hkkjhek=k esacaxkyls /kufu’dkluA • dkjhxjxkaoNksM+djHkkxusdksetcwjA • fdlkuviukyxkuughapqdkikjgsFksA • 1770 esaiM+sHk;adjvdkyls ,d djksM+ yksxksa dh ekSrA • [ksrhdkpkSiVgksukA

  4. nksgjh ;k }S/k “kkluO;oLFkkdkvFkZ • caxkyesadaiuhdksnhouhfeyuslsjktLoolwydjusdkvf/kdkj fey x;kysfduiz”kklu dh ftEesnkjhuokcvkSjmldsinkf/kdkfj;ksas dh FkhA ;kfuiz”kklu dh foQyrkvksadknks’kkjksi.kHkkjrh;ksaijrFkkykHkksadkmi;ksxdaiuhdjrhFkhA

  5. LFkk;hcankscLrD;kgS\ • 1793 esadaiuh }kjkblsykxqfd;kx;kA • jktkvksavkSjrkyqdnkjksadkstehankjksads :iesaekU;rk • bUgsafdlkukssalsyxkuolwydjdaiuhdksjktLopqdkusdkftEeklkSaikA • jktLoLFkk;h :ils r; djfn;kx;kA • c<+rsmRiknulstehankjksadksQk;nkA • Hkwfelq/kkjdksizksRlkguA

  6. LFkk;hcankscLrdsnq’ifj.kke • jktLo dh mPpnjsaA • jktLo u pqdkikus dh fLFkfrtehankfj;k¡ uhyke dh xbZ • fdlkuksadksyxkupqdkusdsfy, dtZysukiM+rkFkkA • fdlkuksadsfy, neudkjhA • Hkwfelq/kkj dh vksjdksbZ /;kuughaA • fdlkuksadsgkFkksalsviuhiq”rSuhtehufudyukA

  7. egkyokjhcankscLrD;kgS\ • gksYVeSdsathukedvaxzst }kjkrS;kjblu;hO;oLFkkdks 1822 esaykxwfd;kx;kA • dysDVjksa }kjkxkaoksadknkSjkfd;kx;k]tehu dh tkap dh xbZ] [ksrksadksekikx;kvkSjjktLodk fu/kkZj.kfd;kx;kA • jktLoesa le; le; ijla”kks/kuksa dh xqatkb”k j[khxbZ • ajktLobdV~BkdjusdkftEektehankjksadsLFkkuijxkaodseqf[k;kdksfn;kx;kA • blO;oLFkkdksegkyokjhcankscLrdkukefn;kx;kA

  8. jS;rokjhO;oLFkkD;kgS\ • bldksVkWelequjks }kjkfodflrfd;kx;kFkkblfy, blsequjksO;oLFkkHkhdgktkrkgSA • blsfczfV”kfu;a=.k okysnf{k.kh Hkkjrh; bykdsesaykxwfd;kx;kA • blO;oLFkkesacankscLrlh/kkfdlkuksalsfd;kx;kA • jktLo dh njsacgqrÅ¡phgksusdsdkj.kfdlkujktLoughapqdkikjgsFksA • jS;rxk¡oNksM+djHkkxjgsFksAxkaoohjkugks x, FksA

  9. ;wjksidsfy, Qlysa • vaxzstksa us xzkeh.kbykdsls u dsoyjktLoolwyfd;kcfYd ;wjksi dh t:jrksa dsfglkclsfdlkuksadksQlysamxkusdsfy, Hkhetcwjfd;kA • tSls & caxkyesaiVlu] vleesapk;] la;qDr izkar¼orZeku mRrj izns”k½ esaxUuk] iatkcesaxsgw¡] egkjk’Vª o iatkcesadikl] enzklesapkoyvkfnA

  10. Hkkjrh; uhy dh ek¡xD;ksaFkh\ • Hkkjrnqfu;kesauhydklclscM+k L=ksrFkkA • uhydkikS/kkeq[; :ilsm’.kdfVca/kh; bykdksaesaghmxrkgSA • diM+kjaxusokysuhydksghilandjrsFksA • ;wjksiesaoksMukedikS/kslsfeyusokykuhykjaxHkkjrh; uhy dh rqyukesacstkuvkSjQhdkyxrkFkkA • fcVsªuesavkS|ksxhdj.kdk ;qx “kq: gkspqdkFkkA • diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ dh ekaxvkSjrsthls c<+us yxhA • 1788 esafczVsªu }kjkvk;krfd, x, uhyesaHkkjrh; uhydkfgLlkdsoy 30 izfr”krFkktksfd 1810 esa 95 izfr”krgksx;kA

  11. jS;ruhy dh [ksrhlsD;ksadrjkjgsFks\ • uhy dh [ksrhdsoymitkÅtehuijgh dh tkldrhFkhA ;kuhfdlkuksadksviuhlclscf<+;k tehuijuhy dh [ksrhdjuhiM+rhFkhA • bldsfy, cM+scM+sHkw [k.Mksa dh t:jr gksrhFkhA • uhy dh [ksrhvkSjpkoy dh [ksrhdsfy, ,d lkFkgycSyksarFkketnwjksa dh t:jr iM+rhFkhA • jS;rksa }kjk ,d ckjdTZkysusij de ls de 25 izfr”krtehuijuhy dh [skrhdjuhgksrhFkhA • tehuij ,d ckjuhy dh [skrhdjusdsckn ml ij /kku dh [ksrh ugh dh tkldrhFkhD;ksafdblikS/ks dh tM+sacgqrxgjhgksusdsdkj.kfeV~Vh dh lkjhrkdr [khapysrhFkhA

  12. uhyfonzksgD;kgS\ • ekpZ 1859 esacaxkydsgtkjksajS;rksa us uhy dh [ksrhlsbudkjdjfn;kA • jS;rksa us ckxkuekfydkssadksyxkupqdkuslsbudkjdjfn;kA • jS;rksa us ryokj] HkkysvkSjrhjdekuysdjuhy dh QSfDVª;ksaijgeykdjus “kq: djfn;kA • ckxkuekfydksadsfy, dkedjusokyksadklkekftdcfg’dkjfd;kx;kA • yxkuolwyhdjusokysxqek”rk ,tsaVksa dh fiVkbZ dh xbZA

  13. uhyfonzksgdsdkj.k • uhy dh [ksrhvR;arneukRedFkhA • jS;rksadksLFkkuh; tehankjksavkSjeqf[k;kvksadkleFkZufeykA • ckxkuekfydksa }kjkeqf[k;kvksalstcjuuhydsvuqca/kksaijnLr[krdjk, x,A • yksxksaesa ;g [kcjQSyxbZFkhfdjkuhfoDVksfj;k us uhy dh [ksrh u djusdkgqDe ns fn;kgSA • dydRrkdsi<+s fy[ksfy[ksyksxksajS;rksa dh nqnZ”kk] ckxkuekfydksa dh tksjtcjnLrhvkSjvR;kpkjdsckjsesafy[kkA

  14. uhymRiknuds /kkjk”kkghgksusdsdkj.k • blO;oLFkk dh tkapdsfy, uhyvk;ksxdkxBu A • vk;ksx us ckxkuekfydksadksnks’khik;kx;kA • vk;ksx us ekukfduhy dh [ksrhjS;rksadsfy, Qk;nsdklkSnkughaA • vk;ksx us jS;rksalsdgkfdekStwnkvuqca/kksadksiwjkdjusdscknvkxslsuhy dh [skrhdjusdsfy, ck/; ughaA • 1917 esaegkRekxka/kh us uhyckxkuekfydksads f[kykQvkanksyu dh “kq:vkrdhA • blizdkjlsuhydkmRiknu /khjs /khjs /kkjk”kkghgksx;kA

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