Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 Late Antiquity and the Emergence of Medieval Civilization

2. Timeline

3. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine • Political Reforms • Division of the Empire • Military Reforms • Reorganization and enlargement of the army • Economic and Social Trends • Imperial finances • Coercion and loss of individual freedom • Constantine’s Building Program • Building of Constantinople (324 – 330)

4. Map 7.1: Division of the Late Roman Empire, c. 300

5. The Empire’s New Religion • Conversion of Constantine Edict of Milan: Allowed freedom to follow Christianity in Rome Moved the Capital to Constantinople • Church Organization and Religious Disputes • Bishops-4 major cities Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch • Heresy-teach different ideas opposite the church • Arianism-Arians said Jesus was human! • Council of Nicaea (325)

6. Nicene Creed • We believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible; and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten of the Father, that is, of the substance [ek tes ousias] of the Father, God of God, light of light, true God of true God, begotten not made, of the same substance with the Father [homoousion to patri], through whom all things were made both in heaven and on earth; who for us men and our salvation descended, was incarnate, and was made man, suffered and rose again the third day, ascended into heaven and cometh to judge the living and the dead. And in the Holy Ghost. Those who say: There was a time when He was not, and He was not before He was begotten; and that He was made our of nothing (ex ouk onton); or who maintain that He is of another hypostasis or another substance [than the Father], or that the Son of God is created, or mutable, or subject to change, [them] the Catholic Church anathematizes.

7. Decline of Rome’s Power • Political Reasons • Never solved the problem of succession • Legions enjoyed too much power • Chronic instability Economic Reasons Depreciated coinage Inefficient bureaucracy Social Reasons Extreme class divisions Wealthier Romans used lead utensils (sterile)

8. The End of the Western Empire • Huns pressure Germanic tribes to move westward • Visigoths • Sack of Rome (410) • Burgundians-Burgundy, France • Vandals-destructive tribe • Odoacer deposes last Roman Emperor (476)

9. The Making of Europe • Germanic Tribes • Greco-Roman Traditions • Christianity

10. Map 7.2: German Migration Routes

11. The Germanic Kingdoms • The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy • Theodoric (493 – 526) • Best at keeping the Roman traditions • The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain • Coexistence between Romans and Germans • Warrior caste • No procedure for choosing rulers • The Frankish Kingdom • Clovis (c. 482 – 511) • Converts to Catholic Christianity c. 500 • Frankish Kingdom divided into 3 parts in 6th and 7th centuries • Anglo-Saxon England • Angles and Saxons invade England in early 5th century

12. Map 7.3: The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western Empire

13. The Society of the Germanic Peoples • Germanic Law • Blood feud-between two families, based on REVENGE • Wergeld-”money for a man” • Compurgation-Oath and Ordeal-divine intervention-God will save the innocent • The Frankish Family and Marriage • Family at the center of social organization • Marriage-arranged by father • Engagement ceremony-dowry given by son-in-law to father-in-law • Women-legal status based on marital status

14. Development of the Christian Church • The Church Fathers • Augustine (354 – 430) • The City of God-Christian philosophy of gov’t and history • Ultimate location was kingdom of heaven • The Confessions-account of his own spiritual experiences • Jerome (345 – 420)-Latin vulgate • The Power of the Pope • Leader of the Western Christian Church • Leo I (r. 440 – 461) and the Petrine supremacy

15. Church and State • Growing Power of Church Officials • Role of bishops in imperial government • Ambrose of Milan (c. 339 – 397) • Weakness of political authorities in Italy • Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590 – 604) • Papal states • Expansion of papal authority

16. The Monks and Their Missions • Monachus = one who lives alone • Saint Antony (c. 250 – 350) • Saint Simeon Stylite • Benedictine Monasticism • Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480 – c. 543) • Benedictine Rule-Moderation • The Abbot (“father”) • Nuns

17. Monks as Missionaries • Irish Monasticism-conversion of the Celts • St. Patrick • Saint Columba (521 – 597) • Iona • Roman Mission to England (Augustine the monk) • Boniface (c. 680 – 755) mission to Frisia, Bavaria, and Saxon

18. Christian Holidays • Stem from Missionary Activity • Convert Germanic Kings • Irish were the best • Christmas-Tree, Mistletoe • Valentines Day-Cupid, Love • St. Patrick’s Day-Shamrock • Easter-Eggs and Bunnies

19. Women and Monasticism • Double Monasteries • Saint Hilda founds monastery of Whitby (657) • Nuns as Missionaries • Leoba founds convent at Bischofsheim (Germany)

20. Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms • Cassiodorus (c. 490 – c. 585) • Divine and Human Readings • Seven Liberal Arts • Trivium • Quadrivium • The Venerable Bede (c. 672 – 735) • Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731)

21. Map 7.4: The Spread of Christianity, A.D. 400-800

22. The Reign of Justinian (527 – 565) • Belisarius and the Restoration of the Roman Empire • Corpus Iuris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”) • Intellectual Life • Procopius (c. 500 – 562) • The Empress Theodora • Actress and prostitute • Influence in government • The Emperor’s Building Program • Rebuilt after riot in 532 • Commercial Center and Trade • Palace Complex • Church of Hagia Sophia (537) • Hippodrome

23. Map 7.5: The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian

24. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire • Problems left by Justinian • Threats on the Frontiers • Muslims • Battle of Yarmuk (636) • Bulgars • The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century • Greek and Christian State • Conflict over the use of icons • Power of the emperor • Split with the Western Germanic Kingdoms

25. The Library at Ephesus

26. The Rise of Islam • The Arabs • Bedouins (nomads) • Allah – Ka’ba • Mecca and Trade

27. Typical buildings in Sa'naa – Arabian Peninsula

28. Muhammad and Islam • Muhammad (570 – 632) • Born in Mecca – caravan manager • Hegira (Journey to Medina in 622) • Submission to the will of Allah • Qur’an (Koran) • 114 Chapters • Five Pillars of Islam • Shari’a (Islamic Law)

29. The Spread of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes caliph (632) • Razzia • Jihad • Attacks against Byzantines and Persians • Assassination of Caliph Ali • Muawiya becomes caliph (661) • Umayyad Dinasty • Damascus becomes capital • Shi’ites, followers of Ali • Sunnites, supporters of the Umayyads • Conquer North Africa and much of Spain • Battle of Tours (732) • Attack on Constantinople and defeat (717 – 718)

30. Map 7.7: The Expansion of Islam

31. Ceiling of the Mihrab ChapelGreat Mosque of Cordoba, Spain.

32. Discussion Questions • How did the Germanic tribes differ from the Romans? • What role did the Christian Church play in filling the vacuum left by the passing of the Roman Empire? • Why was monasticism so important and influential in Europe during the first millennium? • How successful was Christianity in converting the non-Christian peoples of Europe? • What was the place of women in the Christian world in the early middle ages? • What was Justinian’s impact on the history of the Byzantine Empire? • Why was Islam able to expand so quickly and widely?

33. Web Links • The Sutton Hoo Society • Virtual Tour of monasteries • Augustine of Hippo • Byzantine Studies on the Internet • Hagia Sophia: Chronicle of the Great Church • Exploring Ancient World Cultures – Islam • The Rightly Guided Caliphs