INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ON THE DECISION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

1. ВЛИЯНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ HA РЕШЕНИЕ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХПРОБЛЕМКурбоновАбдухошим, Таджикский аграрный Университет, Таджикистан • INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ON THE DECISION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS • KurbanovAbdukhoshim, Tajik Agrarian University, Tajikistan 2012

2. Now in connection with the increasing intensification of the industry and agriculture there is actual an establishment of consequences of anthropogenousinfluence. In the given work attempt to familiarize with the consequences of anthropogenousinfluence studied at present on soil is undertaken. The given approach has the pluses: by consideration of changes of physical characteristics of soils подвергшихся to anthropogenous influence, also recommendations about restoration of these characteristics to an initial condition or on their improvement. But at this approach is as well the minus which consists that those physical characteristics of soil which, according to authors, influence directly fertility are considered only. Manufacture of agricultural production on intensive machine technologies demands the big expenses of power resources. In Tajikistan it is for this purpose consumed more than 1,5 million т fuel. At burning of ton of fuel the working diesel engine throws out in atmosphere to 17 kg of soot. The agriculture share in pollution of atmosphere carbonic gas (СО2) makes about 13 %. The negative factor is loss of lubricants, fuel and working liquids. Only from rupture of sleeves and pipelines of hydrosystems of tractors, combines and agricultural cars it is thrown out annually about 100 thousand т working liquids.

3. Prof. N.I.Dzhabborov considers that the major direction of economy of resources are the newest resource saving technologies. System engineering of technologies and cars for manufacture of agricultural production in which all technological operations necessary for reception of finished goods and corresponding cars are specified became considerable achievement of collective effort of scientists for last period. Working out of a technique of the feasibility report on each operation and technology on expenses of work, fuel, the electric power and metal became the main achievement thus. Optimisation of structure of autotractor park and block design the power sated tractors can provide economy of fuel 15 … 20 %. The author offers that application of new technology with the combined cars will reduce number of passes of the unit on fields and in 2 times will reduce fuel consumption and work expenses. It is established that at performance of all technological operations on cultivation and harvesting various cars pass across the field from 5 to 17 times and the total area of traces propulsion these cars more than in 2 times exceeds the area of the field, there are soil consolidations, its pollution as a result of operational losses and emergency floods of oil products, emissions of harmful substances in atmosphere engines that leads to a crop shortage.

4. Introduction of power saving up production technologies of wheat developed on the basis of realisation of optimum parametres and operating modes of agricultural units, effective receptions of processing of soil, rational use of fuel and energy resources, increase of level of mekhanisation of works has allowed to lower expenses of energy on 1 с grains on the irrigation earths on 12 %, and on rainfed the earths on 29 % in comparison with typical technology. Because the combined units are capable to provide realization resource technologies, allow to gain the big economic effect. In the Republican scientific and technical centre on agricultural mechanical engineering and mechanization of agrarian and industrial complex Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science the combined unit under mark КМ-2,4, intended for processing of soil with simultaneous cutting of crests or ridges has been developed. The car is aggregated with tractors of classes 3 or 4 and intended for application in a zone cotton. Technical characteristics of combined car KM-2,4 and its indicators of an ekspluatatsionno-technological estimation

5. General view of combined car KM-2,4 at the left: 1- frame with the mechanism sample; 2 - working bodies; 3 - working bodies borozdorezy; 4 - basic wheels; 5 – markers.

6. Introduction of the combined units allows not only to reduce number of passes parking of tractor unit across the field, losses of time for single passes and arrivals to increase productivity, but also to lower labour and power expenses. The combined cars most full answer a modern line in tractor construction, consisting in creation of the power sated tractors, to load which by one-operational cars not always probably, especially on fields of the small sizes, on slopes and irrigated sites. At separate performance of operations the considerable part of energy of a tractor is spent for repeated transportation across the field of so-called «dead cargo». Application of the combined cars as numerous researches of scientists testify, will allow to lower expenses of work on 30 … 50, fuel consumption on 20 … 30, metal consumption - on 20 - 25, and productivity of many agricultural crops thus raises on 10 - 15 %.With a view of working out of measures of struggle against this undesirable phenomenon the field experiment on irrigated soils has been spent. Preseedingprocessing of soil was carried out with various intensity and technology, i.e. with accruing number of pass of soil-cultivating cars before cotton crops on a usual way and crests where in 3-4 times the number of pass of units across the field in comparison with the last is reduced.

7. By results of researches it is revealed that higher consolidation and deterioration of some agrophysical properties soils is observed on variants of experience with more frequency rate of pass of units across the field. For example, if on an experience variant: unitary pass of tractors to two directions, the size of density of addition of an arable layer (0-30/35sm) soils for the vegetative period of plants was in limits of 1,33-1,42 g/sm3 on a variant with triple pass of units its size has increased to 1,56-1,64/sm3. On a variant of experience with cotton crops on crests, values of volume weight of soil for its vegetation were up to standard of its optimum parameters (1,23-1,40г/см3). Thanks to what, the best soil conditions for growth, developments and receptions of a big crop of a cotton are created at its cultivation on crests, than on other variants of experience. Theoretical and experimental study of the effect of multiple passes of tractors and other machines on the stress-strain state and the density of the soil. Academic I Sattori, Akhmadov B. P, Safart M, and others have created  a machine "Kishovarz" KM-1,8 for a six passages performs operations.

8. The general form of the КM-1, 8, performs on the six steps:1) the loosening of the soil; 2) mill pulverizes the soil; 3) is spread or plans;4) seeding; 5) the application of fertilizers;6) cutting ridges.

9. Ecological requirements are so essential and essentially important that, without observing them, it is impossible to speak about economic efficiency of agrarian manufacture. Efficiency of agricultural production, rates of its growth depend on a condition of soils, and also from the correct organization of actions for their use. Use of the above-stated cars as a whole allow to receive a big crop, unmeshed number of passes and soil consolidation and as to execute for one pass some operations.

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