6 kingdom classificationsystem

1. 6 kingdom classificationsystem

2. KINGDOM: Archaebacteria“extremophiles” • Kingdom made up of single celled bacteria that live in extreme environments (hot, salty, chemical-filled) • Can be heterotrophsor autotrophs • ex. Bacteria that live in hot springs • Lack most organelles but have ribosomes

3. Salt-lovers : immense bloom of a halophilic ("salt-loving") archaean species at a salt works near San Quentin, Baja California Norte, Mexico. This archaean, Halobacterium, also lives in enormous numbers in salt ponds at the south end of San Francisco Bay.

4. Eubacteria • Kingdom that contains all of the single celled prokaryotes except the Archaebacteria; they live in water, soil and even the human body (cause diseases and found in food)! • Lack most organelles (have ribosomes) • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Cell wall of peptidoglycan • Ex. Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7)

5. Cell Parts • Single, circular chromosome • Cell membrane • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis • Cytoplasm • Flagella or cilia: for locomotion • Cell wall (some) • Capsule (some): sticky outer layer, prevents drying out, used in attachment

6. Shape: round rod or spiral Colony: live together, don’t depend on each other Endospores: •  Thick walled structures that form inside the cell • Can survive for years and withstand boiling freezing and drought and many chemicals • Asexual Reproduction by binary fission

7. Modes of nutrition: Heterotrophic: consume food • Parasites: feed off host • Decomposers (saprophytes): feed/break down dead matter Autotrophic: make their food • Photosynthetic: use sun to make sugar • Chemosynthetic: use toxic chemical to make sugars (deep sea vents)

8. Disease causing bacteria Superbug video 4 min Make plants or animals sick by attacking cells, much like viruses • Staphylococcus Aureus – MRSA • The Hospital Lurkers: Clostridium Difficile • The Food Borne Bugs: Escherichia Coli and Salmonella • The Sexually-Transmitted Infections: Gonorrhea and Chlamydia • The Global Threat: Tuberculosis

9. Helpful bacteria Produce methane in oxygen poor areas which make up about 20 percent of the Earth's natural gas deposits. Production of products like cheese, sour cream, and yogurt. Decompose dead material Some bacteria are able to eat harmful substances like oil.  Bacteria in digestive system prevent other harmful bacteria from growing and they help humans digest their food. Can be genetically modified to make medicine like insulin and growth hormone

10. Controlling bacterial growth Canning – heated to kill bacteria then sealed Pasteurization of juice and milk Cooling food in refrigerator or freezer slows growth Antiseptics kill bacteria on wounds Disinfectants kill bacteria on nonliving things (Lysol) Dehydrated food Soap, toothpaste, mouthwash Antibiotics kill some disease causing bacteria (penicillin) made from fungi and other bacteria or synthetic chemicals Salt in food processing (curing) or gargling with salt will make a hypertonic solution and kill bacteria

11. Bacteria in Food Lab • Test various dairy products for the presence of bacteria based on the rates of cellular respiration

12. Protista • Kingdom of mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, fungi and bacteria • Contain cilia, flagella, pseudopodia • Mostly single-celled • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Can be plant-like (algae, euglena), animal-like (amoeba, paramecia) or fungi-like (mildew)

13. Plant-Like Protist Euglena

14. Plant-Like Protist Diatoms: they have shells made of silica and become sand! Diatoms are used in filtration for pools and are the most abundant producers in the world!

15. Plant-Like Protists Algae: red, green, brown and golden algae (includes kelp and seaweed)

16. Animal-Like Protists • all are heterotrophs • many have cilia, flagella, or pseudopods for movement • mostly single celled • Examples shown on the next slides: • Amoeba, animal parasites, paramecium, protozoa

17. Animal-Like Protists Amoeba

18. Animal-Like Protists Paramecium Covered in cilia for movement

19. Fungus-like protists • heterotrophs • decomposers • Examples: • slime molds (plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds) • Molds • Mildews

20. Slime molds (plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds)

21. Molds

22. Mildews

23. Pond Water Lab • Look at pond water and prepared slides and draw what you see

24. Fungi • Kingdom of non-green heterotrophic, eukaryotic that are multicellular (except for yeast which is unicellular) • organisms do not move • Cell wall of chitin • Break down substances in their surroundings using enzymes and absorbing the nutrients • Ex. Morchellaesculenta

25. Bread molds Puff balls

26. Yeasts Truffles

27. one type of fungus make the antibiotic penicillin

28. Plantae • Kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are naturally green (chloroplasts containing chlorophyll), have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move, and use the sun’s energy to make sugar by means of photosynthesis • Ex. Fruits and vegetables

29. Nonvascular v. Vascular Plants Nonvascular • Short (1-2 cm only) • Most of life as gametophyte • No xylem and phloem Vascular • Taller • Most of life as sporophyte • Has xylem and phloem in the center of the plants (stem, trunk)

30. Gametophyte v. Sporophyte(Alternation of Generations) Gametophyte • Plant cells are haploid • Sex cells are produced Sporophyte • Plant cells are diploid • Form from egg/sperm fertilization (diploid zygote) • Mitosis to make more cells, meiosis to make gametes

31. Four Major Groups of Plants (not all-inclusive) • Bryophytes – Mosses • Pterophytes – Ferns • Gymnosperms – conifers, gingkos • Angiosperms – flowering plants

32. Bryophytes • Nonvascular • Seedless plants (use spores to reproduce) • Spends most of its life in the gametophyte form • No true roots or leaves • Live in moist environments and require water for fertilization • Example: • Mosses

33. Pterophytes • Vascular • Seedless plants (use spores to reproduce); • Spends most of life as sporophyte • Requires water for • fertilization • Example: Ferns

34. Gymnosperms • vascular plants with naked seeds • spends most of life as sporophyte • Example: conifers (pine trees), gingko tree

35. Angiosperms • Vascular plants with seeds • Flowers, fruits, double fertilization • Spends life as sporophyte • Fruit is the mature ovary that encloses the seed Example: orchid, rose, apple tree

36. Angiosperms • Seed plants: Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Flowers are the reproductive part of the plant, where the seed is enclosed in the ovary, which develops into the fruit after fertilization. • Bright petals are meant to attract pollinators • Pollination (plant fertilization) usually occurs by wind or animals such as birds, bees, and bats.

37. Alternation of Generations • What does it mean? • Let’s look at a picture and color code the diagrams to compare • Mitosis • Meiosis • Fertilization • Haploid • Diploid • Gametophyte and Sporophyte generations

42. Animalia • Kingdom made up of complex multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move and quickly respond to their environment • Ex. Sponges, jellyfish, insects, worms, starfish, corals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, humans

43. Animal Examples

45. 3 domain classification system • Archaea—prokaryotes; includes kingdom Archaebacteria • Bacteria—prokaryotes; includes kingdom Eubacteria • Eukarya—eukaryotes; includes kingdoms Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

46. Dissection Time! • Learn about body systems and anatomy of a pig (which is very similar to us!)