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The Nervous System

The Nervous System. The nervous system controls all of your bodily functions. It is essentially your bodies “computer.”. Look at the pictures below and describe what you think is happening in each step. Do not worry about using scientific vocabulary. What is happening here?. Neuron

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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System The nervous system controls all of your bodily functions. It is essentially your bodies “computer.”

  2. Look at the pictures below and describe what you think is happening in each step. Do not worry about using scientific vocabulary. What is happening here?

  3. Neuron Synapse Neurotransmitter Dendrite Axon Axon terminal Reflex Arc Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Vesicles Vocabulary

  4. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in what oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm.This is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt! tahts so cool!!! • Why can you read this?

  5. Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem Hypothalamus Thalamus Medulla Oblongata Pons MidBrain Pituitary Gland Hippocampus Vocabulary

  6. Parts of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System • All of the other nerves

  7. Central Nervous System • Brain • Spinal Cord

  8. Peripheral Nervous System • All the nerves in the rest of your body • Sensory nerves carry messages from the body to the brain • Motor nerves carry messages from the brain to the body

  9. Autonomic Controls INVOLUNTARY actions of the nervous system. Breathing, heart beating, hormone secretion Responds to INTERNAL stimuli to maintain homeostasis Somatic Controls the VOLUNTARY actions of the nervous system. Movement, speech, senses. Responds to EXTERNAL stimuli to maintain homeostasis Peripheral NS

  10. The Senses

  11. The Senses • The senses give the body information about the outside environment • The body responds to this information using a reflex arc. • A reflex arc is the pathway along the central nervous system where an impulse must travel to bring about a reflex; e.g., sneezing or coughing.

  12. 1 6 7 5 2 8 4 3 • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Medulla Oblongata • Pons • MidBrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Pituitary • Hippocampus The BRAIN

  13. Moving Touching Thinking Memory emotion hippocampus Talking Seeing Hearing Balance Taste Smelling Breathing, Heart Beating Sleeping, dreaming

  14. b

  15. Parts of the Brain

  16. Parts of the Brain (cont)

  17. The Spinal Cord

  18. Reflex Arc 1 • Receptor receives stimulus • Sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS • Interneuron travels within the CNS to determine response • Motor neuron sends signal to the muscle to respond • Muscle (effector) responds. 2 3 5 4

  19. Reflex Arc Applied 1 6 4 3 5 2

  20. How do nerve impulses travel? • Nerve Impulses travel from the body to the brain and back again through neurons. • Neurons are like roads, just with no bridges. • Neurons are not right next to each other. There is a space between neurons called a synapse. • A synapse is the space between neurons

  21. Axon Terminal Node of Ranvier Nucleus Schwann’s Cell Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Dendrites

  22. The inside of a neuron

  23. What is inside of a neuron? A neuron has many of the same"organelles," such as mitochondria, cytoplasm and a nucleus, as other cells in the body *Nucleus - contains genetic material (chromosomes) including information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival. Covered by a membrane.

  24. *Nucleolus - produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins *Nissl Bodies - groups of ribosomes used for protein Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ER). With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis.

  25. *Golgi Apparatus -membrane-bound structure important in packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles. *Mitochondria - produce energy to fuel cellular activities.

  26. Types of Neurons • Motor Neuron • Interneuron (c) Sensory Neuron -

  27. Sensory Neuron • Afferent Neurons • Sensory ) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system

  28. Interneuron • Sends messages inside the CNS • Connector between sensory and motor neurons • Most interneurons are located in the central * Informs the CNS of external conditions

  29. Motor Neuron • EFFERENT NEURONS • Send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. • Causes movement, reflexes, etc :

  30. Axon terminal mitochondria vesicle Transporter neurotransmitter receptor Dendrite Synapse • The space between the axon on the sending neuron and the dendrite on the receiving neuron. • Chemicals called neurotransmitters send the signal across the gap.

  31. Axon Terminal Node of Ranvier Nucleus Schwann’s Cell Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Dendrites

  32. Axon terminal mitochondria vesicle Transporter neurotransmitter receptor Dendrite

  33. Parts of the Neuron

  34. Parts of the Neuron(cont)

  35. Synapse: Step 1 • Neurons communicate using electrical and chemical messages. • Electrical impulses send information ALONG the neuron. • Chemicals send information BETWEEN neurons

  36. Synapse: Step 2 • The electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal (also called the presynaptic axon) • Vesicles begin to move toward the membrane

  37. Synapse: Step 3 • Vesicles reach the membrane and fuse with the membrane • The vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic space

  38. Synapse: Step 4 • Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic space • The neurotransmitters bind with special proteins called receptors on the post synaptic dendrite

  39. Synapse: Step 5 • The receptor changes the chemical signal back into an electrical signal • The electrical impulse is sent toward the axon of the postsynaptic neuron

  40. Synapse: Step 6 • The receptor releases the neurotransmitters back into the synaptic space • The neurotransmitters are either taken back into the axon through transporters or destroyed by enzymes in the synaptic space. Full Impulse Animation

  41. Neurotransmitterscrossing the synapse

  42. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

  43. a neuron http://www.drugabuse.gov/MOM/IN/MOMIN5.html

  44. Hippocampus The hippocampus processes memory The hippocampus also communicates with other brain regions that process new information into long-term memory In the brain, under the influence of marijuana, new information ma never register - and may be lost from memory.

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