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The Arab-Israeli Conflict

The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Geographical facts. Located at the junction of three continents: Africa, Europe, Asia Link between the trading worlds of the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Link between the Mediterranean world and sub-Saharan Africa

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict

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  1. The Arab-Israeli Conflict

  2. Geographical facts • Located at the junction of three continents: Africa, Europe, Asia • Link between the trading worlds of the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean • Link between the Mediterranean world and sub-Saharan Africa • Great mercantile cities included Fez (Morocco), Istanbul (Turkey), Cairo (Egypt), Damascus (Syria), Aleppo (Syria), Baghdad (Iraq), Shiraz (Iran), and Samarkand (Uzbekistan)

  3. Ancient History • 4th millennium BC- Palestine was inhabited by farmers and herders • 3rd millennium BC- towns were centres of trade for Egyptian-Babylonian goods • 2nd millennium BC- area ruled by Hyksos and Egyptians. Moses then led Jewish people into Palestine. Area known as Israel.

  4. “Dual Kingdom” • “Israel split into two kingdoms-Israel and Judea, with its temple in Jerusalem. These areas were later overrun by invaders. The Persians restored the Judean kingdom and allowed the Jews to rebuild their temple. This kingdom fell to Greek and later Hellenic-Syrian domination when Alexander the Great conquered Persia.” • http://www.mideastweb.org/palmaps.htm

  5. Roman Conquest • After Alexander the Great’s death, area subject to Egyptian, then later Seleucid rule. • 61 BC- Roman conquest of Jerusalem by Pompeii. • AD70- Exile of Jews • AD133-135-Judea renamed Palestina.

  6. Arab Conquest • 640-Arab conquest of Jerusalem • 641- Arab conquest of Egypt • Many of this mixed population converted to Islam and adopted Arabic language • Ruled by a distant caliph • Did not become a nation or develop a distinct culture or society

  7. Zionism • By the 20th century, many people wanted to be part of a nation or national group. This concept was known as nationalism, and was not unique to the Jewish people. E.g.. Italy, Germany • 1897, Dr. Theodore Herzl became president of the World Zionist Federation in Basle, Switzerland. Their slogan was “Let us be like all other nations.”Their vision was a new state of Israel that Jewish people from around the world could call home.

  8. Zionism • The movement split into two factions: the Territorialists (minority) looked for land outside Palestine; the Zionists (majority) wanted a state in the land of their ancestors. • In response to the movement, Britain offered them an oasis to the north of the Sinai Desert-El Arish. British officials in Egypt vetoed this plan. • Then Britain offered them Uganda (Remember colonialism?); they accepted, but before it became official, they thought better of it!!!!

  9. World War One • Prior to World War 1, this area was still under the control of the Ottoman Empire. • During WW1, the Ottoman empire supported Germany. But Bulgarian forces under General Edmund Allenby defeated the Ottoman army in Palestine and Syria. Germany was also defeated. Jerusalem was captured by the British in 1917, the rest of the area by 1918.

  10. Mandate • As a result of the war, Britain was mandated to control the area known as Palestine (today’s Israel, Jordan, and the West Bank) • France was mandated to control Lebanon and Syria

  11. However… • October, 1915, Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, sent a letter to Arab leader Sharif Hussein, declaring British support for post-war Arab independence in Palestine. • Then, the May, 1916 the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement was to divide the land between Britain and France

  12. However… • Then British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour created the declaration which was adopted by the British cabinet in 1917, known as the Balfour Declaration. • This provided for the “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people…” • End of presentation (further notes on remaining slides)

  13. Seleucid: An empire that stretched from China to the Mediterranean General Edmund Allenby Was a British General Effectively laid the British Imperial claim on Palestine Background Notes added to presentation

  14. El Arish: Located in Egypt on the Mediterranean 215 miles west of Cairo before the border with Libya Click here for Africa map Uganda History Religion Stats (0% Jewish) Located on Lake Victoria in Eastern Africa. Highly developed by 4th century BC (developed Smelted Iron) Background Notes page 2

  15. Henry McMahon Lived in Africa in an Arab area. Understood the political and religious situation Was his goal to provide Arabs in Palestine a reason not to support The Ottoman Empire in WWI? Perhaps. Arthur Balfour "The power of authority is never more subtle and effective than when it produces a psychological "atmosphere" or "climate" favorable to the life of certain modes of belief, unfavorable, and even fatal, to the life of others.“ -Quote: Foundation of Belief 1895 Balfour Declaration 1917 Background Notes page 3

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