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Universal Traits

Universal Traits . Mesoamerican. 1. Dual Calendars. Haab: Solar, 18 mos. 20 days per month, 5 additional “unlucky” or “ominous” days. pp. 78, 209. Tzolkin/Tonalpohualli: Ritual or almanac calendar. 13 mos., 20 days per month. 99. 78, 208. 2. Writing systems.

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Universal Traits

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  1. Universal Traits Mesoamerican

  2. 1. Dual Calendars • Haab: Solar, 18 mos. 20 days per month, 5 additional “unlucky” or “ominous” days. pp. 78, 209. • Tzolkin/Tonalpohualli: Ritual or almanac calendar. 13 mos., 20 days per month. 99. 78, 208..

  3. 2. Writing systems • Heiroglyphic text ranging from ideographic to pictographic, pp. 65, 100, 210, 211.

  4. 3. Original books-codices • Almanacs, histories, dynastic histories, astronomical information, agricultural seasons, religious ritual, pp. 162, 163, 210, 211. • Spaniards eradicate through destruction of the sacred almanacs beginning in the 16th century.

  5. 4. Maps • Used for trade purposes, geographical information and by Aztec military spies, pochteca or oztomeca, p. 196.

  6. 5. Extensive knowledge, use of astronomy • La Venta, p. 74 • Teotihuacan, p.104. • Monte Alban, p. 125 • Chichen Itza, Spring Equinox Display

  7. 6. Ritual Ballgame • Ollama or Tlachtli, pp. 126, 139, .

  8. 7. Markets • Centers of trade and exchange of many finished products, agricultural, hand-crafts, foods, sacrificial items. Tlatelolco p. 194

  9. 8. Chocolate as money • Cacao as money—p. 194

  10. 9. Wars of sacrifice • Ritualized warfare for sacrifice • Aztec Xochiyaoyotl, Flowery Wars p. 188, 194

  11. 10. Complex religious pantheon • Polytheism--multiple and variety of deities

  12. 11. Cult of the Feathered Serpent • God of spring, rebirth, renewal. God of knowledge and culture. • Quetzalcoatl--Aztec • Kulkulcan--Maya • Originated among the Olmec. • Teotihuacan--p. 109 • Xochicalco, p. 136

  13. 12. Rain God • Tlaloc--Aztec. • Teotihuacan, p. 109 • Maya--Chac • Toci-Zapotec • Cocijo-Zapotec

  14. 13. Planned religious sites • Astronomically aligned • La Venta--p. 74 • Teotihuacan, p. 109 • Tenochtitlan, p. 220

  15. 14. Bar/dot mathematical notations • Olmec invention (zero also) • Bar=5 • Dot=1 • Base 20 • Vertical placement value.

  16. 15. Cosmology • Cyclical creations, destructions • Quinto Sol-Fifth Sun • August 13, 3114 b.c.--Beginning of the Long Count, fifth sun. • Jan. 11, 2011 or Dec. 24, 2011-POOF

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