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Drill:

Drill:. Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9. Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed at 27 o C under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins. Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Chemistry.

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Drill:

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  1. Drill: • Calculate the solubility of MgF2 in 0.10 M KF. • KspMgF2 = 6.4 x 10-9

  2. Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl2 formed at 27oC under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins.

  3. Nuclear Chemistry

  4. Nuclear Chemistry • The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms

  5. Chemical Reactions • In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

  6. Radioactive Nuclei • A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes

  7. Isotopes • Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

  8. Isotopes • Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

  9. Isotopes • All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

  10. Radiation • The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei

  11. Modes of Decay • Alpha emission • Beta emission • Gamma emission • Positron emission • K-electron capture

  12. Alpha Particle (a) • Helium nucleus • 2 protons & 2 neutrons • mass = 4 amu • charge = +2 • Penetration power: small

  13. Beta Particle (b) • High speed electron • 1 electron • mass = 1/1836 amu • charge = -1 • Penetration power: medium

  14. Gamma Ray (g) • High energy photon • Electromagnetic wave • mass = 0 • charge = 0 • Penetration power: great

  15. Positron (p) • Positive electron • 1 positive electron • mass = 1/1836 amu • charge = +1 • Penetration power: medium

  16. K-capture • The capture of an inner level e- by the nucleus • 1 electron • mass = 1/1836 amu • charge = -1

  17. Nuclear Symbol • Alpha: 24Heor24a • Beta: -10eor –10b • Gamma: 0 0 • Positron: +10e • K-electron: -10e

  18. Fission • The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

  19. Drill: • Name five types of radiation

  20. Drill: • Name 3 common types of radiation

  21. Fusion • The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

  22. Transmutation Rxns • Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

  23. Transmutation Rxns • Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

  24. Transmutation Rxns • Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

  25. Transmutation Rxns • Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles

  26. Transmutation Rxns • b emission of Pm-142 • a bombardment of Th-231

  27. AP CHM HW • Read: Chapter 19 • Problems: 5 & 7 • Page: 552

  28. CHM II HW • Read: Chapter 26 • Problems: 31 & 35 • Page: 1036

  29. Transmutation Rxns • a emission ofU-238 followed by two separate b emissions:

  30. Transmutation Rxns • a bombardment ofTh-235 followed by two separate b emission:

  31. Drill: Predict Prod • Neutron absorption by U-238 followed by two separate b emission:

  32. Drill: Predict Products • a emission of O-18 followed by a • b emission:

  33. Predict Products • K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then a emission

  34. Predict Products • b absorption by V-45 followed by neutron emission then a emission

  35. Decay Rate • The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down

  36. Half-Life • The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose

  37. Decay Rate • Rate = kDX/Dt • ln(Xi/Xf) = kt1/2 • k = 0.693/t1/2 • t1/2 = half-life

  38. Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through a bombardment followed by b emission.

  39. 1st Order Age Dating Formula • ln(Xi/Xf)t1/2 • 0.693 t =

  40. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. • t1/2 C-14 = 5720 yr

  41. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t1/2 C-14 = 5720

  42. AP CHM HW • Read: Chapter 19 • Problems: 26 & 27 • Page: 553

  43. CHM II HW • Read: Chapter 26 • Problems: 53 & 54 • Page: 1037

  44. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000300 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t1/2 C-14 = 5720

  45. Drill: • A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. • t1/2 for C-14 = 5720 yrs

  46. Mass-Energy Relations • DE = Dmc2

  47. Nuclear Fact • The mass of any nuclei is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

  48. Nuclear Fact • The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using: • DE = Dmc2

  49. Binding Energy • The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to Dm of nucleus

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