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第 3 章 生物基礎、胎兒發展與出生

第 3 章 生物基礎、胎兒發展與出生. pp.86,91-92,104-105,114-118,120. 一、遺傳影響( hereditary influences ). (一)研究遺傳影響的方法 家庭研究 Kinship studies Twin design and adoption design. (二)基因和環境影響的估計 1. How much? (1) The concordance rates :

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第 3 章 生物基礎、胎兒發展與出生

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  1. 第3章 生物基礎、胎兒發展與出生 pp.86,91-92,104-105,114-118,120

  2. 一、遺傳影響(hereditary influences) • (一)研究遺傳影響的方法 • 家庭研究 • Kinship studies • Twin design and adoption design

  3. (二)基因和環境影響的估計 • 1. How much? (1) The concordance rates: • The percentages of pairs of people in which both members of the pair display the trait if one member has it. • 29/56 co-twins(identical twins) of gay were also gay • 12/54 co-twins(fraternal twins) of gay were also gay

  4. (2) The heritability coefficient H = (r identical twins-r fraternal twins) x 2 r:correlation coefficient NSE:Nonshared environmental influences NSE = 1-r(identical twins reared together) SE : Shared environmental influences SE=1-(H+NSE)

  5. 2. How? (遺傳和環境的交互作用) (1) Waddington (1957):canalization 嬰兒知覺、動作發展 智力、人格 (2) Gottesman (1963) • The range-of-reaction principle

  6. (3) Scarr and McCartney (1983) • Passive genotype/environment correlation • Evocative genotype/environment correlation • Active genotype/environment correlation

  7. (4)Epigenesis • 雙向交互影響

  8. 二、胎兒發展 發展過程 1.受精卵期(The germinal period) • 受精、細胞分裂、附著 • 第2星期末,胎盤開始發展 2.胚胎期(The period of the embryo)(附著-8 weeks) • 器官、系統發展重要時期 • 胚胎形成3層: 外胚:神經系統和皮膚 中胚:肌肉、骨骼、循環系統、內部器官 內胚:消化系統、肺、泌尿管、腺體 3.胎兒期(The period of the fetus) • 器官、系統大小與功能發展和完成

  9. 三、產前環境的影響 • (一)致畸因素 • 在胎兒發展期間,任何導致損害的環境因素 • 影響程度的因素: • 量與時間長短 • 遺傳 • 其他負向因素 • 年齡

  10. (二)關鍵期(critical period)或敏感期(sensitive period) • 關鍵期 • 在一特定的時間內,某特定身體或行為會發展迅速,因此這段時間內,某些環境因素相當重要,若環境有害,且造成損害,則無法恢復(該時段內為發展,則將不可能發展) • 敏感期 • 在一特定的時間內,某特定身體或行為會發展迅速,因此這段時間內,某些環境因素相當重要,若環境有害,且造成損害,要恢復則相當困難

  11. (三)胎兒發展的一些致畸因素 • 藥物 • 酗酒 • 抽煙 • 母親疾病 • 壓力 • 母親年齡

  12. 四、生產過程(The birth process)

  13. 五、新生兒的評估(Assessing the baby’s condition) • 1.Apgar test • 2.Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

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