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Principles and Diversity of Word Stress Patterns: An OT Analysis

This lecture explores the principles and diversity of word stress patterns in various languages, including Latvian, French, Classical Arabic, Komi, and Russian. It discusses factors such as syllable weight, rhythm, left/right flanking, and the role of constraints in Optimality Theory.

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Principles and Diversity of Word Stress Patterns: An OT Analysis

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  1. Lecture 8 An OT Analysis of Word Stress: Interpreting Principles

  2. Diversity of Stress Patterns • Stress is word-initial. (Latvian) * ( * * * . . . . . . ) • Stress is word-final. (French) * ( . . . . . . * * * ) Left/Right Flank

  3. Diversity of Stress Patterns • RightmostHeavy Syllable, Otherwise Leftmost Syllable (Classical Arabic) - (… H L L H L) (L L L L L …) • Leftmost Heavy Syllable, Otherwise Rightmost Syllable (Komi - Russia) - (H L L H L …) (… L L L L L) • Rightmost Heavy Syllable, Otherwise Rightmost Syllable (W. Cheremis - Russia) - (… H L L H L) (… L L L L L) • Leftmost Heavy Syllable, Otherwise Leftmost Syllable (Russian) - (H L L H L …) (L L L L L …) Syllable Weight & Left/Right Flank

  4. Diversity of Stress Patterns • Main stress initial; secondary stresses on odd numbered syllables (Ono - New Guinea) - ( …) • Main stress on the second syllable; secondary stresses on even numbered syllables (Araucanian - Chile) - ( …) Rhythm & Left/Right Flank

  5. Diversity of Stress Patterns • Stress a final superheavy syllable. - (…    SH) Otherwise, stress a heavy penult. - (…    H) Otherwise, stress a heavy antepenult. - (…   H ) Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated by an even/odd number of light syllables from the first preceding heavy syllable, or in the absence of such a syllable, from the beginning of the word. (Urban Hijazi Arabic/Negev Bedouin Arabic) -( L L ) ( L L ) ( L L ) ( L L ) L Syllable Weight, Rhythm, and Left/Right Flank

  6. Diversity of Stress Patterns Syllable Weight Rhythm Left/Right Flank

  7. Principles • Boundedness The distance between the constituent’s head and the boundary is restricted to one element: ()()() () bounded unbounded Rhythm

  8. Principles • Headedness Constituents are either right-headed or left-headed: Foot Level: () () iambic trochaic Word Level: (…) (…) rightmost leftmost Left/Right Flank

  9. Principles • Quantity-sensitivity Heavy syllables attract stress: Syllabic trochee: () (quantity-insensitive) Moraic trochee: (LL)(H) (quantity-sensitive) Iamb: (LL)(H)(LH) (quantity-sensitive) Syllable Weight

  10. Principles • Exhaustivity Elements are exhaustively parsed into higher constituents: ()()()<> exhaustive parsing haməmelədánthə<mum> ()<> non-exhaustive parsing *həməmələdánthə<mum>

  11. Devices • Extrametricality Peripheral elements are excluded from foot structure: ()()()<> final syllable marked extrametrical *(a.spa) (rá.gus) vs. a (spá.ra) <gus>

  12. Devices • Directionality Footing proceeds from left to right or from right to left: ()()() left-to-right ()()() right-to-left *(á.spa) ra <gus> vs. a (spá.ra) <gus> 

  13. Rules ? • Multiple alternatives can satisfy a principle. • However, certain types of modifications are more common than others. • We employ rules to effect a particular change. • But, this is brute force. • Why that change, not something else?

  14. Optimality Theory • Generating Candidates candidates (can1, can2, can3, … cann) • Evaluating Candidates constraints (con1 >> con2 >> con3 …)

  15. Optimization

  16. Boundedness  Constraint • Foot Binarity (FTBIN) Feet are binary at some level of analysis (, ). FT BIN (**)  (***)  (*) 

  17. Foot-headedness  Constraint • RHTYPE = I/T The rhythmic type is set at iambic/trochaic. RHTYPE = T RHTYPE = I left-headed right-headed ()   ()  

  18. Word-headedness  Constraint • ALIGN-HEAD (L/R) Align (PrWd, L/R, H(PrWd), L/R) Align the left/right edge of the Prosodic Word to the left/right edge of the Head Foot. ALIGN-HEAD (L) ALIGN-HEAD (R) ()()()   ()()() 

  19. Quantity-sensitivity  Constraint • Weight-to-Stress Principle (WSP) Heavy syllables are prominent on foot structure and on the grid. WSP (LL) (H) (LL)  L (LH) (LL)  (LL) H (LL) 

  20. Exhaustivity  Constraint • PARSE-SYL All syllables must be parsed by feet. PARSE-SYL ()()  () 

  21. Extrametricality  Constraint • NONFIN (NON-FINALITY) No head of PrWd (, , or both) is final in PrWd. NONFIN (L L) (H)  (L L) (H)

  22. Directionality  Constraint • ALIGN-FOOT (L/R) Align (FT, L/R PrWd, L/R) Align the left/right edge of each Foot to the left/right edge of the Prosodic Word. ALIGN-FOOT (L) ALIGN-FOOT (R) ()  ! ()!  ()()  ! ()() ! 

  23. Unbounded, Quantity-insensitive Footing(initial stress) ALIGN-HEAD (L), PARSE-SYL, ALIGN-FOOT (L)  FTBIN

  24. Optimization

  25. Bounded, Quantity-sensitive Footing(Cairene) • Stress a final superheavy. • Otherwise, stress a heavy penult. • Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated from the first preceding heavy syllable or (if there is none) from the beginning of the word by an even number of light syllables.

  26. Constraints • Stress a finalsuperheavy. • Otherwise, stress a heavypenult. Syllable Right No Stress on Weight Flank Final Heavies    WSP ALIGNHEAD (R) NONFIN

  27. Constraints • Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated from the first preceding heavy syllable or (if there is none) from the beginning of the word by an even number of light syllables. Directionality  ALIGNFOOT (L) counting … (**) vs. (**) … counting 

  28. Constraints • Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated from the first preceding heavy syllable or (if there is none) from the beginning of the word by an even number of light syllables. Foot-Headedness  RHTYPE = T ()() vs. ()()

  29. Constraints • Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated from the first preceding heavy syllable or (if there is none) from the beginning of the word by an even number of light syllables. Boundedness  FTBIN ( H ) Binary Counting ( L L ) /\ | |    

  30. Constraints • Otherwise, stress the penult or the antepenult, whichever is separated from the first preceding heavy syllable or (if there is none) from the beginning of the word by an even number of light syllables. (Exhaustive Footing is the only counting process available.) Exhaustivity  PARSESYL

  31. Ranking FTBIN, RHTYPE = T, NONFIN >> WSP >> PARSESYL >> ALIGNFOOT (L) >> ALIGNHEAD (R)

  32. Final Superheavy

  33. Heavy Penult

  34. Rhythmic Stress

  35. Summing up • Stress systems, in natural languages, are rather diverse. • Rhythm, quantity, and edge sensitivity are the principal factorial contributors to this state-of-affairs. • However, this diversity is only superficial. • A limited set of principles and parameters can provide a plausible account of metrification. • In turn, these principles can be interpreted into universal constraints. • Ranked in the appropriate language-particular order, these constraints can optimize the attested stress patterns.

  36. Next WeekChapter 19 Assignment: Key Questions (chapters 17, 18, and 19)

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